Indo European Folktales Study guide Free Essays

string(6216) " close to nature and the events in the past than the upper class Simplicity and authenticity Tales are something organic Monogenic One origin of the stories and then variations arose from that one version Polynesia Multiple origins of the same type of tale because the same people are going through similar experiences in different places Carol Jung – Archetypes Show us ways to transformation and development Genres of Folktale Literature Legend: has historical grounding, is unspecific Ex: Johnny Applauded Fairy Tales: rely on magic to provide fantasy solutions to overcome problems Myths: narrative projection formed into a story, relationship deeper with the universe Fable: moral, usually explicit, personification, very short stories, always have animals who talk, not like fairytale were they can talk through magical power but no magic is needed for them to talk Everyday life situations Protagonists are animals Moral truth NOT magic Animals give Didactic function Th e Stake Tales The Panchromatic Function of Folktales Explanatory Traditional \(accompany rituals\) Social \(help bring people together\) Schools of Folklore Inquiry Origin Form Meaning Style Origins: Early Stages Distribution and dissemination of folktales Grimm Frederic Max Mueller Scholar of Sanskrit Solar mythology: doesn’t have anything to do with the sun, but the natural world Folktales are explanations of natural phenomenon Mueller Theodore Bendy German Orientals Studied Eastern cultures Argued that tales began in India Folktales traveled through three major avenues: Oral traditions from merchants Arabic and Persian Translations Contact between Muslim and European Origins: Historical and geographical method Reconstruct the history of a particular tale – look at versions and triangulate what the common origin is Methodology: assemble all the known variants of a tale; from Motif: reoccurring theme, each element in a table Type: a bunch of motifs strung together, a traditional tale that has a uniq ue ordering the motifs Form Two major schools Formalist Vladimir Prop Functions Actions that are taken by characters, how do these action move the tale, slow it down, or influence the overall structure of the tale Ex: LORD meeting the wolf\? What function does this have\? Functions happen in a certain order 31 possible functions, sequential, but not all functions appear in all tales Structuralism Levi-Strauss Myths reflect the logical structure of the human mind Binary opposition: two things in nature that are opposed See formalist and functions above Believed folklore is a special form of verbal art Works of folklore and literature have different morphologies that folklore has specific structures Literary works have an author, folklore works never have an author Literature is constant, folklore changes independently of people’s will Morphology: a ascription of the tale according to its component part and the relationship of these components to each other and to the whole Max Lithium Style Stylistic Analysis Four Features of Folklore One Dimensionality Coexistence of a real and enchanted world Happen to walk from a real world into an enchanted one Dependableness Absence of character motivation Don’t need to know the character history to know their motivations Often found in fairy tales Lack of psychological depth Abstraction Extremes and conventions contrasts Ex: troll eats an ox BC Hess so hungry Fixed formulas: man living alone at top of a mountain, obviously is a troll Isolation ND Universal connection Lack of sustained relationship between characters On the other hand, everyone is connected to and affects everyone else Relationships either do not matter or you cannot escape them Style: Performance Centered Approaches Focus of studies from social context to creative process of storytelling Looking at the Changeling Definition: a child who is exchanged by a supernatural being for a good human child Anonymous take the good baby and leave evil offspring bedding Why do these stories arise\? Attempt to explain natural problems, physical deformities Usually in the form off legend Luther believed in changelings Bethlehem Prefers fairy tales to other kinds of children’s literature Can learn about the inner problems of human beings Children can better understand herself and complex world Fairy tales differ from children’s literature Parents impact the children most, then cultural heritage Hansel and Greeter Anxieties a child must overcome Oral fixations Mother†source of food to children, fail to meet oral demands Witch†personification of the destructive aspects of reality Gingerbread house†oral greediness and giving into primitive satisfactions Jewels†children transcend their oral anxiety and free themselves of relying on oral satisfaction for security, and can free themselves of the image of the threatening mother \(witch\) Birds†all white, divine intervention, guidance Breadcrumbs†starvation, anxiety Expanse of water†Christian allegory, symbolizes the way they have changed, maturity, baptism Teaches the lesson to explore your imagination, work together, and mothers are important Bluebirds Interpreted Blueberry tales as patriarchal power with violence, yet women can see through the power of men and come on top with their sight Little Red Riding Hood She is not yet ready for sexuality People say he only picked certain parts of the fairy tale to prove his argument Promotes themes of sexuality Cinderella split of mother helps a child to preserve an internal all good mother while the mother is not good at all, but permits anger with bad stepmother as a different person to protect child from being overwh elmed Jack and the Beanstalk Transition out of the oral phase into the phallic phase Why\? Boy is forced to sell cow BC it stops giving milk Beanstalk episode is Jacks dream, growth represents growth of sexual power Giants re Oedipal projections, father is rival and has to fight with his father to take his place Resolution of Oedipal conflict in the end Sleeping Beauty Undines Female virgin water spirit Defined by having to marry a man on earth to become a human SST\." Broad geographical grouping with a common linguistic background William Jones founded that Sanskrit was salary to Alan and Greek Proto-London European : no actual proof this group of people existed Folklore Colloquial definition: is a folktale true or not? Scholarly definition: how does a tale reflect the customs or values of a people Precursors to the Grimm Anne Sexton relation to the Grams Snow White – Anne Sexton Focus: female beauty Mirror motif Superficial male desire – women is an object of beauty, man knows nothing else about her Mother-daughter conflict Queen Is losing beauty with her age, Jealous of Snow White because Snow White Is becoming more beautiful Happy ending Snow White is made to look Like a china doll † she Is beautiful on the outside but empty on the Inside, an object to be viewed Similarities Real subject matter Issues/themes are similar Differences Narrative perspective – Anne Sexton uses â€Å"l† Identifies herself as a middle age witch She critiqued patriarchy – spoke to a contemporary New England audience New Issues/theme † she spoke to a contemporary audience, she tells her tales In modern form applying them to today’s society Angela Carter The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories Rewrote some of the Blueberry tales She wanted to focus on the desires/thoughts of women Believed women could show they had power Not romantic (as opposed to Anne Sexton who was more romantic) Wrote â€Å"Tiger’s Bride† based on the Beauty and the Beast and Tigers Bride (merged stories) Her Version of Tigers Bride Narrative perspective: included thoughts of characters Characters Bride – coming of age Father – bad father, gambles everything away Tiger – beast figure – not sure what Hess Like on the Inside Father sells her In a game of cards, beast just wants to see her naked He shows her his stuff and there are sexual encounters (because she turned on by the animal inside him and he brought out the animal in her) Themes of the story: social restrictions, confinement, code of honor that restricted women, rejecting patriarchal society, liberation of women (feminism), she doesn’t go to save her father R egular version of Tiger’s Bride Enemy of patriarchy Patriarchy Ideals of the submissive wife Western Tradition Wives submit themselves to heir husband, husband is the head of the wife and savior of her body Russian folk The man is the head but the woman is the neck, the head will follow the neck where it turns Less patriarchal than western society Wish Tales, all the Wives tales promote patriarchal society Women’s desires are irrational Female threats to patriarchy Pride (shrewdness) Insatiable and irrational desire Disobedience Women are always doing the opposite of what should be done Memento moor Reminder put into paintings that you will eventually die Ex: a feast, everyone is having fun, in a painting, and a skull or crossbones as a reminder you are going to die Death tales – reminders of death Deaths messengers Mourning A natural process, Just grief in general Have some sort of ceremony where we can externalities the grief Monument Tale: the Mustard Seed Melancholy Initialization of grief Don’t get rid of it Tale: The Place Where There Are No Graves Ate the dead bodies – literally internalized death Parody Humorous/satirical imitation Blatant discrepancies Criticizes original Sheer Objects of Parody Disney Moral structure, technology, family structures, Americanization Fairy Tales Ideals of Beauty Methods of Parody Pop culture references Irrelevant and crude humor Problems with Parody No alternative offered Must rely on what it ridicules American Dream Used music and color for the first time Made propaganda during WI for the US Disney’s Reworking of Fairy Tales Challenges: Length Objectionable subject matter Moral murkiness Its hard to turn a fairy tale into a film because the fairy tales are short, there’s not enough material, unclear at times and some things are inappropriate Disney Formula Disney took oral tales Clear structure of good and evil Heightened romance Omits a lot of the violence Romance repl aces sex Clear defined value system Gender roles are traditional Cultural stereotypes Technology and form Technology as a subject: magic Visual elements vs†¦ He text Genre Hollywood musical Characterization Formulaic 19th Century Melodrama Innocent Heroine Gallant Hero Evil Villain Minor Characters Secondary wives, animals, dwarves, sidekicks for common relief Family Structures Absent mothers Absent or inept fathers Americanization Democratic Protagonists are all teens Domestic/submissive role of women Rags to riches with personal ingenuity Made fun of nobility – very much American No direct violence between humans – instead inanimate objects (candles) or animals Sublimation of Violence Irony Cinderella – violence between animals instead of humans Royal Dahl Skipping background and analysis due to time constraints Verse form Plot somewhat different than original but still similar Modern details not from ancient past – fit into modern society Tales linked together in a fairy tale world Fairy tale audience – what children want to hear, didn’t take out much of the violence or crude stuff Woman as a victim – making fun of this and gives his tale a feminist twist, women have a sense of power Techniques of parody Form and style – rhyme with adult type of humor, uses a lot of slang, emphasizes the difference between tales then and now Characters and plot make us see the inconsistence in the original tale Know his version of Little Red riding Hood Gilles De Raise A blueberry figure Murdered children Gunman the Accursed Historical basis for the blueberry character Murdered several of his previous wives and his fourth wife found the body chamber Real event Fourth wife was Saint Therein Saint Therein (see above) Jane Champion (the Piano) Had a blue filter on her piano The woman was mute and only used the piano as a means to communicate Her husband (a blueberry character) chopped off her fingers so she could not communicate Margaret of Invader (the Heptathlon) Queen of Invader Defender of well known humanists and some authors in her writing Important figure in her time Story represents husband forgiving her Renaissance culture The Heptathlon Adulteress punishment Pretty high up in French nobility Progressive for her day Giovanni Vacation (The Dodecahedron) Philosophies Poetry of the people Everyday people are close to nature and the events in the past than the upper class Simplicity and authenticity Tales are something organic Monogenic One origin of the stories and then variations arose from that one version Polynesia Multiple origins of the same type of tale because the same people are going through similar experiences in different places Carol Jung – Archetypes Show us ways to transformation and development Genres of Folktale Literature Legend: has historical grounding, is unspecific Ex: Johnny Applauded Fairy Tales: rely on magic to provide fantasy solutions to overcome problems Myths: narrative projection formed into a story, relationship deeper with the universe Fable: moral, usually explicit, personification, very short stories, always have animals who talk, not like fairy tale were they can talk through magical power but no magic is needed for them to talk Everyday life situations Protagonists are animals Moral truth NOT magic Animals give Didactic function The Stake Tales The Panchromatic Function of Folktales Explanatory Traditional (accompany rituals) Social (help bring people together) Schools of Folklore Inquiry Origin Form Meaning Style Origins: Early Stages Distribution and dissemination of folktales Grimm Frederic Max Mueller Scholar of Sanskrit Solar mythology: doesn’t have anything to do with the sun, but the natural world Folktales are explanations of natural phenomenon Mueller Theodore Bendy German Orientals Studied Eastern cultures Argued that tales began in India Folktales traveled through three major avenues: Oral traditions from merchants Arabic and Persian Translations Contact between Muslim and European Origins: Historical and geographical method Reconstruct the history of a particular tale – look at versions and triangulate what the common origin is Methodology: assemble all the known variants of a tale; from Motif: reoccurring theme, each element in a table Type: a bunch of motifs strung together, a traditional tale that has a unique o rdering the motifs Form Two major schools Formalist Vladimir Prop Functions Actions that are taken by characters, how do these action move the tale, slow it down, or influence the overall structure of the tale Ex: LORD meeting the wolf? What function does this have? Functions happen in a certain order 31 possible functions, sequential, but not all functions appear in all tales Structuralism Levi-Strauss Myths reflect the logical structure of the human mind Binary opposition: two things in nature that are opposed See formalist and functions above Believed folklore is a special form of verbal art Works of folklore and literature have different morphologies that folklore has specific structures Literary works have an author, folklore works never have an author Literature is constant, folklore changes independently of people’s will Morphology: a ascription of the tale according to its component part and the relationship of these components to each other and to the whole Max Lithium Style Stylistic Analysis Four Features of Folklore One Dimensionality Coexistence of a real and enchanted world Happen to walk from a real world into an enchanted one Dependableness Absence of character motivation Don’t need to know the character history to know their motivations Often found in fairy tales Lack of psychological depth Abstraction Extremes and conventions contrasts Ex: troll eats an ox BC Hess so hungry Fixed formulas: man living alone at top of a mountain, obviously is a troll Isolation ND Universal connection Lack of sustained relationship between characters On the other hand, everyone is connected to and affects everyone else Relationships either do not matter or you cannot escape them Style: Performance Centered Approaches Focus of studies from social context to creative process of storytelling Looking at the Changeling Definition: a child who is exchanged by a supernatural being for a good human child Anonymous take the good baby and leave evil offspring bedding Why do these stories arise? Attempt to explain natural problems, physical deformities Usually in the form off legend Luther believed in changelings Bethlehem Prefers fairy tales to other kinds of children’s literature Can learn about the inner problems of human beings Children can better understand herself and complex world Fairy tales differ from children’s literature Parents impact the children most, then cultural heritage Hansel and Greeter Anxieties a child must overcome Oral fixations Mother†source of food to children, fail to meet oral demands Witch†personification of the destructive aspects of reality Gingerbread house†oral greediness and giving into primitive satisfactions Jewels†children transcend their oral anxiety and free themselves of relying on oral satisfaction for security, and can free themselves of the image of the threatening mother (witch) Birds†all white, divine intervention, guidance Breadcrumbs†starvation, anxiety Expanse of water†Christian allegory, symbolizes the way they have changed, maturity, baptism Teaches the lesson to explore your imagination, work together, and mothers are important Bluebirds Interpreted Blueberry tales as patriarchal power with violence, yet women can see through the power of men and come on top with their sight Little Red Riding Hood She is not yet ready for sexuality People say he only picked certain parts of the fairy tale to prove his argument Promotes themes of sexuality Cinderella split of mother helps a child to preserve an internal all good mother while the mother is not good at all, but permits anger with bad stepmother as a different person to protect child from being overwhel med Jack and the Beanstalk Transition out of the oral phase into the phallic phase Why? Boy is forced to sell cow BC it stops giving milk Beanstalk episode is Jacks dream, growth represents growth of sexual power Giants re Oedipal projections, father is rival and has to fight with his father to take his place Resolution of Oedipal conflict in the end Sleeping Beauty Undines Female virgin water spirit Defined by having to marry a man on earth to become a human SST. George / Dragon Slayers Ideals of chivalry Emblem includes red cross Symbol of England Golden Legend – Jacques De Favoring Frau Whole Freer Collected by Grimm Didactic function: teaches hard work and respect for higher being Typical: woman loses distaff, goes underground and meets Frau Whole who tests willingness to work Folk Hero People identify with See virtue embodied in them Teach lessons to those in power Ridicule those in power Disney (Beauty and the Beast) vs†¦ He Tale Rose in both stories, but in Vhf, the male picks a rose from the beast’s estate, but in the Disney film, the rose is a different symbol Different family structure in film and Vhf – only child in Disney, in the book there are three daughters and sons Message is similar in both: looks can be deceptive, don’t Judge by appearances Simpleton Stupid boy, youngest of all sons Ex: The Flying Ship and The Rabbit herd Overcomes impossible tasks to marry kings daughter, gets help from an older mentor pro-social side) Motif of three tasks to overcome The tasks usually involve the boy having a confrontation with the king (finding place in patriarchal society) Animal Brides The skin: different identity, gender roles, type of person you are, antisocial identity, sexuality can be linked to independence or freedom, put ring on finger which is the symbol of a chain, skin as protection for women Men trying to take the skin: personal violation, controlling women Incompatibility of two worlds, social classes, etc Animal Bridegrooms Morals: keep promises Arranged marriages and coming to terms with an arra nged marriage Wild Man Origins: India, Roman Empire, Grimm in Medieval Christian Europe Wild Man represents the natural, wild aggressive tendencies of boys and the boy must rely on the aggressive/courageous tendencies of wild man and rules of society to have coming of age Promote pro-social and antisocial tendencies to have coming of age Frame Narrative Story within a story 1001 Arabian Nights: someone is telling a story in the story Stake Tales Tales of Buddha Reincarnation, Buddha in different times and places Characterized by humor and imagination Jean De la Fontanne Political Unmask corruption and dishonesty of the court Used animals not humans Criticism of political figures without using names The Paid Mostly about animals Had morals Quick thinking Oldest collection of tales in Sanskrit Nobility Teach young princes how to act Vampire Between fairy tale and legend Definition: corpse rise from the grave at night, get blood from humans Similar to today’s zombies In Christian legends were souls of pain, not baptized, referred to as sorcerers Souls from purgatory Eastern European source: Alasdair Fantasy Socio-historical Reasons for Vampire Lore in Eastern Europe Improper decode Christianization of Eastern Europe Bubonic plague Vela Tepees Drachma Romania Prince Historical Vampire figure Elizabeth (Ersatzes) Battery Slovakia Countess Took virgin’s blood, drank it, took a both in it, preserve youth She wasn’t executed because she was a royal, but was locked in the castle the rest of her life Jeanne-Marie eel Prince De Beaumont Taught in schools for all social classes Wanted to teach proper conduct for young women Frederica Nietzsche (On the Genealogy of Morals) Good and Bad / Good and Evil Talked about power in the Catholic church Nietzsche said the Catholic church gains power by telling people they should be cake and submissive Freud – Stages of Sexual Development Oral: as a baby, you get pleasure through â€Å"oral† things, such as sucking on thumbs Sadistic/anal: little kids find pleasure in making bowel movements Phallic Genital: you want pleasure via genital contact of the opposite sex and same age Latency Period of sleep Oedipal complex Bang your mom, kill you r dad Fools vs†¦ Tricksters Fools teach lessons by making themselves a fool Tricksters teach lessons by making you a fool Recitation Readings Donald Hawse: mirrors, Mine, or Ours? Perpetual, the Brothers Grimm and Ownership of Fairy Tales† Nationalistic ownership results in stereotyping Universalistic Belongs to everyone, but is wrong BC were all products of different stuff We should individually own them – not owned by Disney or a corporation Soar Shaves: â€Å"The Concept of Childhood and Children’s Folktales: Test Case – ‘Little Red Riding Hood† Jack Zip’s: â€Å"Breaking the Disney Spell† Folklore body is a communal effort – we all own it together Marxist Corporate ownership of what should be communal The Morals/Themes of the Tales The Shrewish Wives Manipulating the women by threatening to go back to her fathers place Public immolation Weaken Grizzlier Humiliation Sexual = he made her pregnant Social = marrying a beggar Financial = marrying a beggar (previously a princess) Morally/ethically = makes her steal and get caught Women Who Rule Their Husbands Show the danger of letting women be in charge Wish Tales Plot Structure Wish(sees) granted Asks wife for advice Wastes wish Woman tells man what to do with the wishes, which is a mistake Disaster results from weak husbands Talkative Wives Motif: wife who talks too much Lesson: women are chatterboxes, talk too much Foolish Wives Another female character flaw: foolishness How to cite Indo European Folktales Study guide, Papers

Indo European Folktales Study guide Free Essays

string(6216) " close to nature and the events in the past than the upper class Simplicity and authenticity Tales are something organic Monogenic One origin of the stories and then variations arose from that one version Polynesia Multiple origins of the same type of tale because the same people are going through similar experiences in different places Carol Jung – Archetypes Show us ways to transformation and development Genres of Folktale Literature Legend: has historical grounding, is unspecific Ex: Johnny Applauded Fairy Tales: rely on magic to provide fantasy solutions to overcome problems Myths: narrative projection formed into a story, relationship deeper with the universe Fable: moral, usually explicit, personification, very short stories, always have animals who talk, not like fairytale were they can talk through magical power but no magic is needed for them to talk Everyday life situations Protagonists are animals Moral truth NOT magic Animals give Didactic function Th e Stake Tales The Panchromatic Function of Folktales Explanatory Traditional \(accompany rituals\) Social \(help bring people together\) Schools of Folklore Inquiry Origin Form Meaning Style Origins: Early Stages Distribution and dissemination of folktales Grimm Frederic Max Mueller Scholar of Sanskrit Solar mythology: doesn’t have anything to do with the sun, but the natural world Folktales are explanations of natural phenomenon Mueller Theodore Bendy German Orientals Studied Eastern cultures Argued that tales began in India Folktales traveled through three major avenues: Oral traditions from merchants Arabic and Persian Translations Contact between Muslim and European Origins: Historical and geographical method Reconstruct the history of a particular tale – look at versions and triangulate what the common origin is Methodology: assemble all the known variants of a tale; from Motif: reoccurring theme, each element in a table Type: a bunch of motifs strung together, a traditional tale that has a uniq ue ordering the motifs Form Two major schools Formalist Vladimir Prop Functions Actions that are taken by characters, how do these action move the tale, slow it down, or influence the overall structure of the tale Ex: LORD meeting the wolf\? What function does this have\? Functions happen in a certain order 31 possible functions, sequential, but not all functions appear in all tales Structuralism Levi-Strauss Myths reflect the logical structure of the human mind Binary opposition: two things in nature that are opposed See formalist and functions above Believed folklore is a special form of verbal art Works of folklore and literature have different morphologies that folklore has specific structures Literary works have an author, folklore works never have an author Literature is constant, folklore changes independently of people’s will Morphology: a ascription of the tale according to its component part and the relationship of these components to each other and to the whole Max Lithium Style Stylistic Analysis Four Features of Folklore One Dimensionality Coexistence of a real and enchanted world Happen to walk from a real world into an enchanted one Dependableness Absence of character motivation Don’t need to know the character history to know their motivations Often found in fairy tales Lack of psychological depth Abstraction Extremes and conventions contrasts Ex: troll eats an ox BC Hess so hungry Fixed formulas: man living alone at top of a mountain, obviously is a troll Isolation ND Universal connection Lack of sustained relationship between characters On the other hand, everyone is connected to and affects everyone else Relationships either do not matter or you cannot escape them Style: Performance Centered Approaches Focus of studies from social context to creative process of storytelling Looking at the Changeling Definition: a child who is exchanged by a supernatural being for a good human child Anonymous take the good baby and leave evil offspring bedding Why do these stories arise\? Attempt to explain natural problems, physical deformities Usually in the form off legend Luther believed in changelings Bethlehem Prefers fairy tales to other kinds of children’s literature Can learn about the inner problems of human beings Children can better understand herself and complex world Fairy tales differ from children’s literature Parents impact the children most, then cultural heritage Hansel and Greeter Anxieties a child must overcome Oral fixations Mother†source of food to children, fail to meet oral demands Witch†personification of the destructive aspects of reality Gingerbread house†oral greediness and giving into primitive satisfactions Jewels†children transcend their oral anxiety and free themselves of relying on oral satisfaction for security, and can free themselves of the image of the threatening mother \(witch\) Birds†all white, divine intervention, guidance Breadcrumbs†starvation, anxiety Expanse of water†Christian allegory, symbolizes the way they have changed, maturity, baptism Teaches the lesson to explore your imagination, work together, and mothers are important Bluebirds Interpreted Blueberry tales as patriarchal power with violence, yet women can see through the power of men and come on top with their sight Little Red Riding Hood She is not yet ready for sexuality People say he only picked certain parts of the fairy tale to prove his argument Promotes themes of sexuality Cinderella split of mother helps a child to preserve an internal all good mother while the mother is not good at all, but permits anger with bad stepmother as a different person to protect child from being overwh elmed Jack and the Beanstalk Transition out of the oral phase into the phallic phase Why\? Boy is forced to sell cow BC it stops giving milk Beanstalk episode is Jacks dream, growth represents growth of sexual power Giants re Oedipal projections, father is rival and has to fight with his father to take his place Resolution of Oedipal conflict in the end Sleeping Beauty Undines Female virgin water spirit Defined by having to marry a man on earth to become a human SST\." Broad geographical grouping with a common linguistic background William Jones founded that Sanskrit was salary to Alan and Greek Proto-London European : no actual proof this group of people existed Folklore Colloquial definition: is a folktale true or not? Scholarly definition: how does a tale reflect the customs or values of a people Precursors to the Grimm Anne Sexton relation to the Grams Snow White – Anne Sexton Focus: female beauty Mirror motif Superficial male desire – women is an object of beauty, man knows nothing else about her Mother-daughter conflict Queen Is losing beauty with her age, Jealous of Snow White because Snow White Is becoming more beautiful Happy ending Snow White is made to look Like a china doll † she Is beautiful on the outside but empty on the Inside, an object to be viewed Similarities Real subject matter Issues/themes are similar Differences Narrative perspective – Anne Sexton uses â€Å"l† Identifies herself as a middle age witch She critiqued patriarchy – spoke to a contemporary New England audience New Issues/theme † she spoke to a contemporary audience, she tells her tales In modern form applying them to today’s society Angela Carter The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories Rewrote some of the Blueberry tales She wanted to focus on the desires/thoughts of women Believed women could show they had power Not romantic (as opposed to Anne Sexton who was more romantic) Wrote â€Å"Tiger’s Bride† based on the Beauty and the Beast and Tigers Bride (merged stories) Her Version of Tigers Bride Narrative perspective: included thoughts of characters Characters Bride – coming of age Father – bad father, gambles everything away Tiger – beast figure – not sure what Hess Like on the Inside Father sells her In a game of cards, beast just wants to see her naked He shows her his stuff and there are sexual encounters (because she turned on by the animal inside him and he brought out the animal in her) Themes of the story: social restrictions, confinement, code of honor that restricted women, rejecting patriarchal society, liberation of women (feminism), she doesn’t go to save her father R egular version of Tiger’s Bride Enemy of patriarchy Patriarchy Ideals of the submissive wife Western Tradition Wives submit themselves to heir husband, husband is the head of the wife and savior of her body Russian folk The man is the head but the woman is the neck, the head will follow the neck where it turns Less patriarchal than western society Wish Tales, all the Wives tales promote patriarchal society Women’s desires are irrational Female threats to patriarchy Pride (shrewdness) Insatiable and irrational desire Disobedience Women are always doing the opposite of what should be done Memento moor Reminder put into paintings that you will eventually die Ex: a feast, everyone is having fun, in a painting, and a skull or crossbones as a reminder you are going to die Death tales – reminders of death Deaths messengers Mourning A natural process, Just grief in general Have some sort of ceremony where we can externalities the grief Monument Tale: the Mustard Seed Melancholy Initialization of grief Don’t get rid of it Tale: The Place Where There Are No Graves Ate the dead bodies – literally internalized death Parody Humorous/satirical imitation Blatant discrepancies Criticizes original Sheer Objects of Parody Disney Moral structure, technology, family structures, Americanization Fairy Tales Ideals of Beauty Methods of Parody Pop culture references Irrelevant and crude humor Problems with Parody No alternative offered Must rely on what it ridicules American Dream Used music and color for the first time Made propaganda during WI for the US Disney’s Reworking of Fairy Tales Challenges: Length Objectionable subject matter Moral murkiness Its hard to turn a fairy tale into a film because the fairy tales are short, there’s not enough material, unclear at times and some things are inappropriate Disney Formula Disney took oral tales Clear structure of good and evil Heightened romance Omits a lot of the violence Romance repl aces sex Clear defined value system Gender roles are traditional Cultural stereotypes Technology and form Technology as a subject: magic Visual elements vs†¦ He text Genre Hollywood musical Characterization Formulaic 19th Century Melodrama Innocent Heroine Gallant Hero Evil Villain Minor Characters Secondary wives, animals, dwarves, sidekicks for common relief Family Structures Absent mothers Absent or inept fathers Americanization Democratic Protagonists are all teens Domestic/submissive role of women Rags to riches with personal ingenuity Made fun of nobility – very much American No direct violence between humans – instead inanimate objects (candles) or animals Sublimation of Violence Irony Cinderella – violence between animals instead of humans Royal Dahl Skipping background and analysis due to time constraints Verse form Plot somewhat different than original but still similar Modern details not from ancient past – fit into modern society Tales linked together in a fairy tale world Fairy tale audience – what children want to hear, didn’t take out much of the violence or crude stuff Woman as a victim – making fun of this and gives his tale a feminist twist, women have a sense of power Techniques of parody Form and style – rhyme with adult type of humor, uses a lot of slang, emphasizes the difference between tales then and now Characters and plot make us see the inconsistence in the original tale Know his version of Little Red riding Hood Gilles De Raise A blueberry figure Murdered children Gunman the Accursed Historical basis for the blueberry character Murdered several of his previous wives and his fourth wife found the body chamber Real event Fourth wife was Saint Therein Saint Therein (see above) Jane Champion (the Piano) Had a blue filter on her piano The woman was mute and only used the piano as a means to communicate Her husband (a blueberry character) chopped off her fingers so she could not communicate Margaret of Invader (the Heptathlon) Queen of Invader Defender of well known humanists and some authors in her writing Important figure in her time Story represents husband forgiving her Renaissance culture The Heptathlon Adulteress punishment Pretty high up in French nobility Progressive for her day Giovanni Vacation (The Dodecahedron) Philosophies Poetry of the people Everyday people are close to nature and the events in the past than the upper class Simplicity and authenticity Tales are something organic Monogenic One origin of the stories and then variations arose from that one version Polynesia Multiple origins of the same type of tale because the same people are going through similar experiences in different places Carol Jung – Archetypes Show us ways to transformation and development Genres of Folktale Literature Legend: has historical grounding, is unspecific Ex: Johnny Applauded Fairy Tales: rely on magic to provide fantasy solutions to overcome problems Myths: narrative projection formed into a story, relationship deeper with the universe Fable: moral, usually explicit, personification, very short stories, always have animals who talk, not like fairy tale were they can talk through magical power but no magic is needed for them to talk Everyday life situations Protagonists are animals Moral truth NOT magic Animals give Didactic function The Stake Tales The Panchromatic Function of Folktales Explanatory Traditional (accompany rituals) Social (help bring people together) Schools of Folklore Inquiry Origin Form Meaning Style Origins: Early Stages Distribution and dissemination of folktales Grimm Frederic Max Mueller Scholar of Sanskrit Solar mythology: doesn’t have anything to do with the sun, but the natural world Folktales are explanations of natural phenomenon Mueller Theodore Bendy German Orientals Studied Eastern cultures Argued that tales began in India Folktales traveled through three major avenues: Oral traditions from merchants Arabic and Persian Translations Contact between Muslim and European Origins: Historical and geographical method Reconstruct the history of a particular tale – look at versions and triangulate what the common origin is Methodology: assemble all the known variants of a tale; from Motif: reoccurring theme, each element in a table Type: a bunch of motifs strung together, a traditional tale that has a unique o rdering the motifs Form Two major schools Formalist Vladimir Prop Functions Actions that are taken by characters, how do these action move the tale, slow it down, or influence the overall structure of the tale Ex: LORD meeting the wolf? What function does this have? Functions happen in a certain order 31 possible functions, sequential, but not all functions appear in all tales Structuralism Levi-Strauss Myths reflect the logical structure of the human mind Binary opposition: two things in nature that are opposed See formalist and functions above Believed folklore is a special form of verbal art Works of folklore and literature have different morphologies that folklore has specific structures Literary works have an author, folklore works never have an author Literature is constant, folklore changes independently of people’s will Morphology: a ascription of the tale according to its component part and the relationship of these components to each other and to the whole Max Lithium Style Stylistic Analysis Four Features of Folklore One Dimensionality Coexistence of a real and enchanted world Happen to walk from a real world into an enchanted one Dependableness Absence of character motivation Don’t need to know the character history to know their motivations Often found in fairy tales Lack of psychological depth Abstraction Extremes and conventions contrasts Ex: troll eats an ox BC Hess so hungry Fixed formulas: man living alone at top of a mountain, obviously is a troll Isolation ND Universal connection Lack of sustained relationship between characters On the other hand, everyone is connected to and affects everyone else Relationships either do not matter or you cannot escape them Style: Performance Centered Approaches Focus of studies from social context to creative process of storytelling Looking at the Changeling Definition: a child who is exchanged by a supernatural being for a good human child Anonymous take the good baby and leave evil offspring bedding Why do these stories arise? Attempt to explain natural problems, physical deformities Usually in the form off legend Luther believed in changelings Bethlehem Prefers fairy tales to other kinds of children’s literature Can learn about the inner problems of human beings Children can better understand herself and complex world Fairy tales differ from children’s literature Parents impact the children most, then cultural heritage Hansel and Greeter Anxieties a child must overcome Oral fixations Mother†source of food to children, fail to meet oral demands Witch†personification of the destructive aspects of reality Gingerbread house†oral greediness and giving into primitive satisfactions Jewels†children transcend their oral anxiety and free themselves of relying on oral satisfaction for security, and can free themselves of the image of the threatening mother (witch) Birds†all white, divine intervention, guidance Breadcrumbs†starvation, anxiety Expanse of water†Christian allegory, symbolizes the way they have changed, maturity, baptism Teaches the lesson to explore your imagination, work together, and mothers are important Bluebirds Interpreted Blueberry tales as patriarchal power with violence, yet women can see through the power of men and come on top with their sight Little Red Riding Hood She is not yet ready for sexuality People say he only picked certain parts of the fairy tale to prove his argument Promotes themes of sexuality Cinderella split of mother helps a child to preserve an internal all good mother while the mother is not good at all, but permits anger with bad stepmother as a different person to protect child from being overwhel med Jack and the Beanstalk Transition out of the oral phase into the phallic phase Why? Boy is forced to sell cow BC it stops giving milk Beanstalk episode is Jacks dream, growth represents growth of sexual power Giants re Oedipal projections, father is rival and has to fight with his father to take his place Resolution of Oedipal conflict in the end Sleeping Beauty Undines Female virgin water spirit Defined by having to marry a man on earth to become a human SST. George / Dragon Slayers Ideals of chivalry Emblem includes red cross Symbol of England Golden Legend – Jacques De Favoring Frau Whole Freer Collected by Grimm Didactic function: teaches hard work and respect for higher being Typical: woman loses distaff, goes underground and meets Frau Whole who tests willingness to work Folk Hero People identify with See virtue embodied in them Teach lessons to those in power Ridicule those in power Disney (Beauty and the Beast) vs†¦ He Tale Rose in both stories, but in Vhf, the male picks a rose from the beast’s estate, but in the Disney film, the rose is a different symbol Different family structure in film and Vhf – only child in Disney, in the book there are three daughters and sons Message is similar in both: looks can be deceptive, don’t Judge by appearances Simpleton Stupid boy, youngest of all sons Ex: The Flying Ship and The Rabbit herd Overcomes impossible tasks to marry kings daughter, gets help from an older mentor pro-social side) Motif of three tasks to overcome The tasks usually involve the boy having a confrontation with the king (finding place in patriarchal society) Animal Brides The skin: different identity, gender roles, type of person you are, antisocial identity, sexuality can be linked to independence or freedom, put ring on finger which is the symbol of a chain, skin as protection for women Men trying to take the skin: personal violation, controlling women Incompatibility of two worlds, social classes, etc Animal Bridegrooms Morals: keep promises Arranged marriages and coming to terms with an arra nged marriage Wild Man Origins: India, Roman Empire, Grimm in Medieval Christian Europe Wild Man represents the natural, wild aggressive tendencies of boys and the boy must rely on the aggressive/courageous tendencies of wild man and rules of society to have coming of age Promote pro-social and antisocial tendencies to have coming of age Frame Narrative Story within a story 1001 Arabian Nights: someone is telling a story in the story Stake Tales Tales of Buddha Reincarnation, Buddha in different times and places Characterized by humor and imagination Jean De la Fontanne Political Unmask corruption and dishonesty of the court Used animals not humans Criticism of political figures without using names The Paid Mostly about animals Had morals Quick thinking Oldest collection of tales in Sanskrit Nobility Teach young princes how to act Vampire Between fairy tale and legend Definition: corpse rise from the grave at night, get blood from humans Similar to today’s zombies In Christian legends were souls of pain, not baptized, referred to as sorcerers Souls from purgatory Eastern European source: Alasdair Fantasy Socio-historical Reasons for Vampire Lore in Eastern Europe Improper decode Christianization of Eastern Europe Bubonic plague Vela Tepees Drachma Romania Prince Historical Vampire figure Elizabeth (Ersatzes) Battery Slovakia Countess Took virgin’s blood, drank it, took a both in it, preserve youth She wasn’t executed because she was a royal, but was locked in the castle the rest of her life Jeanne-Marie eel Prince De Beaumont Taught in schools for all social classes Wanted to teach proper conduct for young women Frederica Nietzsche (On the Genealogy of Morals) Good and Bad / Good and Evil Talked about power in the Catholic church Nietzsche said the Catholic church gains power by telling people they should be cake and submissive Freud – Stages of Sexual Development Oral: as a baby, you get pleasure through â€Å"oral† things, such as sucking on thumbs Sadistic/anal: little kids find pleasure in making bowel movements Phallic Genital: you want pleasure via genital contact of the opposite sex and same age Latency Period of sleep Oedipal complex Bang your mom, kill you r dad Fools vs†¦ Tricksters Fools teach lessons by making themselves a fool Tricksters teach lessons by making you a fool Recitation Readings Donald Hawse: mirrors, Mine, or Ours? Perpetual, the Brothers Grimm and Ownership of Fairy Tales† Nationalistic ownership results in stereotyping Universalistic Belongs to everyone, but is wrong BC were all products of different stuff We should individually own them – not owned by Disney or a corporation Soar Shaves: â€Å"The Concept of Childhood and Children’s Folktales: Test Case – ‘Little Red Riding Hood† Jack Zip’s: â€Å"Breaking the Disney Spell† Folklore body is a communal effort – we all own it together Marxist Corporate ownership of what should be communal The Morals/Themes of the Tales The Shrewish Wives Manipulating the women by threatening to go back to her fathers place Public immolation Weaken Grizzlier Humiliation Sexual = he made her pregnant Social = marrying a beggar Financial = marrying a beggar (previously a princess) Morally/ethically = makes her steal and get caught Women Who Rule Their Husbands Show the danger of letting women be in charge Wish Tales Plot Structure Wish(sees) granted Asks wife for advice Wastes wish Woman tells man what to do with the wishes, which is a mistake Disaster results from weak husbands Talkative Wives Motif: wife who talks too much Lesson: women are chatterboxes, talk too much Foolish Wives Another female character flaw: foolishness How to cite Indo European Folktales Study guide, Papers

People and Organization Relationships and Networking

Question: Discuss about thePeople and Organizationfor Relationships and Networking. Answer: Introduction A team referred to as the group of people working coherently for a common goal. On the other hand, a group can describe the core part of social life where two or more integrate. The definition has an idea of bringing some elements together; relationships, networking, and involvement of individuals. Both in working teams and groups, members are driven by common goals and share responsibility for the teams and organizations success (Gregory Moorlead, 2010). Although the terms used in the organization, they seem to be different. For an instant, groups differ from teams in that; team requires to have define task to achieve their set goal while the groups do not a specific target. Other differentiating factors include the purpose, the structure, both internal and external processes. However, work team and groups may have shared characteristics that give them definition (Robbins, 2014). They include the composition of the two must have two or more people; members exist to perform the organ izational role, have mutual interest, portray workflow and end results, members joins by restrictions of the team, and policies. In organization system, individual are connected to other persons to create a team, whereas a team nested in a large wired multilevel system. The hierarchy helps the organization to use many different levels-teams to get the meaning of groups. It is also imperative to consider time factor as a crucial feature of the group.(Correspondence, 2013) Work teams and groups are as mutual dependent collections of persons who share common end and responsibility for specific outcomes in future for their organizations. Work teams have been said to play a pivotal role in the management transformation, paradigm shift, and corporate renaissance. It has been evident that organizations use multi-level teams for all development tasks. In modern organizations, it has pointed out how they have adapted to new technologies that allow small work groups to take obligation for the whole products (Oliver Strohm, 2016). For an organization to thrive it must feature in the following criteria: the individuals must commit to a common goal, group members must have specific respective roles and responsibilities, the team must develop a reliable communication structure that fosters information sharing and the presence of a sense of mutual accountability. (Gregory Moorlead, 2010) In exploration and developing the critical capabilities in organizations and groups, in this paper, the discussion tends to look on the two facets of models and applications for the effectiveness of the teams and groups. Models of Teams and Groups There are many varieties of models for group development and effectiveness of the team. Among them include: Forming Stage In this model the team members first get to know each other. They begin to initiate social changes and try to develop ways to have a productive relationship. The motive of the individual behavior drives away from controversies and conflicts. Serious matter discusses and people focus on agendas. Members also gather information about the scope of the task. (Moreland R L, 2011) Storming Stage Individuals in this stage, remain with each other at an interval which maintains group cohesiveness. Petty issues are not addressed for fear of group members to break first since they are always suspicious. Team members focus on the role each one will pursue. The conflict in the group will mainly depend on culture and organization. (D, 2008) Norming Stage At this level, the individuals become more cohesive. Members evolve the functions that individual will play in the effectiveness of targeting the goal of the team. People feel that they own the part of the cohesive group. Members listen to each other, appreciate and support and assist each other to impeach pre-consumed views. They perform various role such as leader, researcher, and the team thinks tank. (Woodman R W, 2010) Performing Stage It is hard for the many groups to reach to this stage. It is known for members being interdependent. Though hard to attain to this stage, members works tirelessly to achieve the objectives defined in storming stage. Identity, loyalty, and morale of the members is very high.(Moreland R L, 2011) Adjourning Stage This phase marks the completion and disengagement of the members who translate individuals to proceed to other projects. Team members will be proud of greatness in the group. Members will always associate themselves with the success of the team. (Woodman R W, 2010) Application of Work Teams and Groups. Groups of an expert such as researchers, engineers, and designers, for example, work together on assigned project. The expert may have other roles of innovation, searching information, broad autonomy, group energizers, and orienteers to sustain team life span (Robert P Gephet, 2010). The performance of these experts may be hard to understand due to their value of their output. Quality circles and involving the employees into groups have been common in many of the organizations. The circles have been of help and play a vital role in workers participation. The members of the organizations become more aggressive, recognition seeker and dominate to the achieving of the goals. Quality control circles define the employees as the key player to identify opportunity for the easy thriving of the team. The team members also operate in groups and explore ways to improve customer service. (Robbins, 2014) In production and service, units usually require knowledge of technology. The technology enhances assembly, maintenance, sales, and others. In group support for an instant, it consists team members to work together full-time to encourage, harmonize, and give standard setting. The members serve the team with freedom to make a decision on the specialization and division of labor (Rentsch, 2013). A good example is in vehicle assembly, a group of employees assemble and install parts of the vehicle. The team elect their leaders and assign them tasks to perform. In summary, the models and applications of teams and groups assess the organization in different facets. The models emphasize on group norms such carryover behavior from previous groups and significant events which set the pace of the organization. Group cohesiveness lead success of the team. Tools Undertaken During the Workshops Belbins Team Role Belbin emphasized three categories of team roles. He then explained how to shape team role by certain patterns of behavior which are attributed naturally by the different personality types found among people at work (M, 2010). The team roles are: Action Oriented Roles It further has various categories. Shaper who mainly challenges the team to improve, implementer ensure all ideas put into action, and completer ensures completion of the project of the team. People Oriented Roles They include coordinators chairs the team, team worker to enhance cooperation and resource investigator who explores and identifies opportunity elsewhere. Cerebral Roles The team members include the plant who act as the think tank of the team. Monitor evaluators to analyze and critically evaluate ideas that members present. Specialist, who gives specialized skills to accomplish the goal. The Big Five Factor The qualities yield to effective collaboration, enhance accountability, togetherness, efficient thinking and mobilizes new approaches and ideas. The five factors include; Extroversion Extroversion is mostly associated with sales experts or public relations personnel as they need to show a high level of social interaction skills and assertiveness. Agreeableness The factor of Agreeableness requires members to be cooperative and trusting. The cooperativeness brings ideal in teamwork situations through sharing information and nurturing supportive culture. Conscientiousness Team members embrace conscientiousness which translates responsible behavior and dependability for the achievement of the targeted goal. Emotional Stability The quality endorses that the members are focused on the task of the group, therefore, needs security and real personal drive to impeach anxieties and no-confident attitude. Openness to Experience Openness to experience in teams is highly needed because members are expected to show dynamic in their thinking, originality, and they must portray eagerness to learn and explore new kinds of stuff. (Tomaz Kern, 2011) Johari Window Model Johari Window approach is used to assess the employees and employers relationship and improve self-awareness within working organizations. The model consists of four areas. Known quadrant which involves information about members, behavior, attitude feeling, emotion, skills and views. Blind-self-quadrant tries to seek feedback from team members to remove the unknowns Hidden self-quadrant describe relevant information and feelings which are avoided and in a real sense should be disclosed and exposed. Unknown self-quadrant contain passive abilities, skills, emotions and information that are familiar to a team member(s). (David Ulrich, 2014) The above tools have some similarities and differences into the functionality of teams and groups. All of the tools tries to identify team members, searching knowledge and technical expertise, working for a team with similar goals and emphasizes diversity and qualitative nature of the team. On the other hand, the three tools show weaknesses too. For an instant, all addresses team strength which on hand translated as detrimental due to members competes instead of co-operating. The tools also do not solve the solution to the emergence of any conflict. The tools miss to point out a suggestion on an absence of trust among the team members. Areas of Improvement Organization Context Work groups and teams are embracing many new approaches. Such methods can lead to team improvement by providing alternative resources needed for continuity as an organization. Leaders must provide a lee-way to vulnerability- role modeling that creates character boundaries. The boundaries will impeach problem of misinformation, and serve as a vessel to connect to other teams, customers and competitors. (Tagliere, 2012) Teams need to employ team development strategy. The approach enhances new ways of running the organization. Team leaders need to develop accountability- a culture of openness among and between the members of the team. Leaders must set the tone and focus of results. Workgroups require interrelationship framework. Team leaders must evaluate their corporate role to ensure members are comfortable with the prospect of decision making. Organization culture which reflects values and norms of the organization. Values that contribute innovation and sharing ideas may enhance the success of the team (John J Gabarro, 2012). It has been noted that many success organization has similar cultures. For an instant, the new working team may look to the abroad values and norms. Work teams that focus on self-management, values consistent with group autonomy may lead to team effectiveness. Performance Feedback Timely feedback on performance will overcome team dysfunction. The leaders must portray restraints-balancing the desire to protect members from harsh organization environment. The condition will detract members to reach to their leaders in case of giving feedback. Performance feedback requires a system that is reliable at all time. The systems can be workable in teams with much repetition, short cycles of members and measurable results. Such system includes manufacturing teams and assembly crews (Cunmines T G, 2009). Performance feedback fosters the use of goal setting and good feedback with rewards that auger effectiveness and satisfaction of teams. Most of the time, strong team leaders improve accountability gap, leaving themselves as the only discipline source- thus team members respond to the manager. One of the best approaches to losing trust is to conceal vulnerability to manipulate emotion of others. The method will loosen the barriers of the junior members to reach to the sen ior staffs. (Robbins, 2014) The realistic plan is therefore required to draw the line of improvement on knowledge and skills. It can be effective if the organizational leaders can take charge to re-plan on works teams for better realization of the targeted goals. The appropriate approaches can range from paradigm shift to the organization chart as follows: (Mawhinney, 2012) Mission clarity. Leaders must be objective on what is entails expectations concerning output of the team goal Rewards and recognition. It is imperative for the organization to motivate the team members with performance appraisal and promotion. Recognize the team members who work extra and who take risks. Keep on learning/ training on skills development. An approach to the training concerning technical expertise is known as cross-training. The leaders learn new skills in teams whose team members can exchange roles. Learning also enhances productivity. Leadership must build commitment merely in organization vision and values. Team communication should favor every member. Leaders need to welcome innovativeness from inspiring members. Enthusiastic leaders set goals, priorities, and roles for their teams. Works Cited Correspondence, W. (2013). The Propagator: People and Organization. The European, 63-64. Cunmines T G, M. E. (2009). Improve Productivity and the Quality of Work Life. New York: Praeger. D, T. J. (2008). Organization In Action. New York: McGraw Hill. David Ulrich, W. N. (2014). How to build value through people and Organization. New Jersey: Wiley. Gregory Moorlead, R. G. (2010). Managing People and Organization. Boston: Houghton Miffin. John J Gabarro. (2012). MAnaging People and Organization. Harvard Business School, 342-416. M, S. R. (2010). Group Productivity, Drive and Cohesiveness . Chichester: Wlley. Mawhinney, T. C. (2012). Organization Culture, rule-govened behavior and Organization behavior Management . Journal Of Organization Behavior Management, 43-81. Moreland R L, a. L. (2011). Group Dynamics Over Time. Beverly Hills: SAGE. Oliver Strohm, E. U. (2016). A multi-level Approach in terms of People. Artsan and Empire, 87-125. Robbins, S. P. (2014). Organization Behavior. Wessex: University Press. Robert P Gephet, M. M. (2010). Brave New Workplace. Journal of organization behavior, 45-78. Tagliere, D. A. (2012). People , Power and Organization. New York: AMACOM. Tomaz Kern, V. R. (2011). People and Sustainable Organisation. Pelerlang: Frankfurt am main. Woodman R W, S. J. (2010). Effect of Team Development Intervention. Journal of Applied Behavior Science, 211-227.

Microsoft Essays - Steve Jobs, Personal Computing,

Microsoft In the early 80s the world so the initial boom of the computer era. The first personal computers were sold and the main players of the business were sorted out. Two of the prominent figures were Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Each pioneering their own front, the two entered the 90s as the computer world celebrities. By the mid 90s each of these tycoons' life had taken many turns and twists, albeit for the better usually. Bill Gates' 1995 was a bit hectic, this was the year of the huge unveiling of windows 95. After many delayed attempts to get it out Gates released windows 95 in August without Microsoft Plus, as had been earlier said, this was due to time restrictions as changing windows 95 to 96 would be a waste of money and probably more seriously the worst move commercially any company would ever make. With the release of Windows 95 the world saw the largest over media onslaught to sell a product. Also with the release of Windows came Microsoft's foray into the Internet market share. In hindsight this perhaps may not have been the best move to make. 1996 passed with much criticism of Gates' operating system, people said it was unstable, hard to figure out and anything else possible. 1997 came around with rumours of a new operating system in the works dubbed Chicago. This was perhaps a rumour but more likely the beginning of Windows 98. In 1998 Gates released this newer version of Windows 95, which made the world Gates' subject for the biggest beta test ever. Windows 98 was just an upgrade of 95. Upgrade may be an understatement, but on the surface it is almost identical, underneath they are worlds apart. Recently Microsoft's ghosts have come to haunt them. Netscape, their main rival in the Internet division, had started an Anti-trust case in the federal supreme court. The accusations spawned from a dispute where Netscape's browser were being loaded onto pre made Compaq computers and Microsoft did not approve of this. This case has recently come to the end of its first stage with Microsoft falling guilty. The consequences have yet to come, but are foreseen in the coming months. This most likely will not spell the end of Gates' empire rather actually may boost his worth by making him CEO of 4 giant specialised companies. Steve Jobs, a cofounder of Apple Computers Inc., has also had good fortune with the computer world, but also had his fair share of hiccups. In 1985 after the Macintosh had had troubles selling as much as wished Steve Jobs was forced out of Apple. From here he went on to try and rebuild a new frontier in media, 3D animation. After leaving Apple he formed a new company, Next Inc. this was a hardware/software development company. He then went on in 1986 to purchase a controlling share in Pixar, a LucasFilm branch that dealt with 3D animation. In 1989 Next released its first computer at $10,000 which was incompatible and did not sell well, 4 years later they shut down their hardware division. In 1996 Apple bought out Next. Inc. and uses Jobs as a part time consultant. This aids Apple to become one of the top players in the world of computers in 1998. Some of Pixar's achievements are; Toy Story, the first full length film created soley by computers. "A Bug's Life" released and is a hit. And February 1999, Technical Academy Award to Pixar's David DiFrancesco for "pioneering efforts in the development of laser film recording technology". These achievements of both these men have helped to fuel the second wave of the computer revolution. The third is on the horizon as the information superhighway's potential will be seen in the next couple of years.

Free Essays on Reality Therapy

Reality Therapy: An Ongoing Process. â€Å"Regardless of what has happened in our lives, or what we have done in the past, we can choose behaviors that will help us meet our needs more effectively in the future.† (Glasser, 2003). William Glasser developed a program based on this statement. The therapy is called Reality therapy. Glasser, an American psychologist, developed reality therapy in the mid sixties and it still continues to evolve by his hand today. Reality therapy is just one of several counseling methods which teaches people how to direct their own lives, make better choices, and develop coping mechanisms to better handle stress. The difference in reality therapy is the idea that â€Å"regardless of what has happened in our lives, or what has been done in the past, we can choose behaviors that will help us meet our needs more effectively in the future†(Glasser 2003). The practice, the appeal and the payoff of the program are essential keys to fully understanding this method of counseling. The practice of reality therapy is an ongoing process made up of two major components. One, the counselor must have a trusting relationship with the patient so that they can feel safe. The counselor must secondly; use techniques, which help a person to the realization of what they really want. The patient must then reflect on their current situation, and create a new plan for fulfilling their wants in the future. The Appeal of this method is that it’s both very efficient and straightforward. The program puts the responsibility of fixing the problem on the patient. It is said to be self-empowering and doesn’t dig into the patients past failures but instead takes a positive forward approach. The procedure leading to the change has 8 steps not to be followed in any certain order. The goal upon completion of the steps is that â€Å"people can live their lives more successfully when they acknowledge and accept responsibility for their ... Free Essays on Reality Therapy Free Essays on Reality Therapy Reality Therapy: An Ongoing Process. â€Å"Regardless of what has happened in our lives, or what we have done in the past, we can choose behaviors that will help us meet our needs more effectively in the future.† (Glasser, 2003). William Glasser developed a program based on this statement. The therapy is called Reality therapy. Glasser, an American psychologist, developed reality therapy in the mid sixties and it still continues to evolve by his hand today. Reality therapy is just one of several counseling methods which teaches people how to direct their own lives, make better choices, and develop coping mechanisms to better handle stress. The difference in reality therapy is the idea that â€Å"regardless of what has happened in our lives, or what has been done in the past, we can choose behaviors that will help us meet our needs more effectively in the future†(Glasser 2003). The practice, the appeal and the payoff of the program are essential keys to fully understanding this method of counseling. The practice of reality therapy is an ongoing process made up of two major components. One, the counselor must have a trusting relationship with the patient so that they can feel safe. The counselor must secondly; use techniques, which help a person to the realization of what they really want. The patient must then reflect on their current situation, and create a new plan for fulfilling their wants in the future. The Appeal of this method is that it’s both very efficient and straightforward. The program puts the responsibility of fixing the problem on the patient. It is said to be self-empowering and doesn’t dig into the patients past failures but instead takes a positive forward approach. The procedure leading to the change has 8 steps not to be followed in any certain order. The goal upon completion of the steps is that â€Å"people can live their lives more successfully when they acknowledge and accept responsibility for their ... Free Essays on Reality Therapy Reality Therapy Reality Therapy is the method of counseling that Dr. Glasser has been teaching since 1962. He published a book named Reality Therapy the same year. It is now firmly based on Choice Theory and its successful application is dependent on the counselor’s familiarity with, and the knowledge of, that theory. In fact, teaching choice theory to counselees is now part of Reality Therapy. Reality Therapy, though catchy, is easily misunderstood to do with giving people â€Å"a dose of reality.† In fact, the approach is far more people- friendly and people- centered than that. Reality therapy is a very powerful tool for personal growth, accomplishing goals, and measuring progress. Almost all approaches to psychology assume that people have certain basic needs and, indeed, there is broad agreement on what these needs are. In Reality therapy, they are classified under five headings: Power, Love & Belonging, Freedom, Fun, and Survival. One of the core principles of Reality Th erapy is that, whether we are aware of it or not, we are all the time acting to meet these needs. The goal of Reality Therapy is to help people reconnect. This reconnection usually starts with counselor first connecting with the individual and then using this connection as a model for how the disconnected person can begin to connect with the people he or she needs. To create the relationship vital to Reality Therapy, the counselor will focus on the present and avoid discussing the past because all human problems are caused by unsatifasfying present relationships. Avoid discussing symptoms and complaints as much as possible, since these are the ways that counselees choose to deal with unsatisfying relationships. Understand the concept of total behavior, which means focus on what counselees can do directly-act and think. Spend less time on what they cannot do directly; that is, change their feelings and physiology. Feelings and physiology can ... Free Essays on Reality Therapy Reality Therapy Abstract: Reality Therapy is the method of counseling that Dr. Glasser has been teaching since 1962. He published a book named Reality Therapy the same year. Reality Therapy, though catchy, is easily misunderstood to do with giving people â€Å"a dose of reality.† In fact, the approach is far more people- friendly and people- centered than that. Reality therapy is a very powerful tool for personal growth, accomplishing goals, and measuring progress. Almost all approaches to psychology assume that people have certain basic needs and, indeed, there is broad agreement on what these needs are. In Reality therapy, they are classified under five headings: Power, Love & Belonging, Freedom, Fun, and Survival. The goal of Reality Therapy is to help people reconnect. To create the relationship vital to Reality Therapy, the counselor will focus on the present and avoid discussing the past because all human problems are caused by unsatifasfying present relationships. Avoid criticizing, bla ming and complaining and help counselees to do the same. By doing this, they will learn to avoid the extremely harmful external control behaviors that destroy relationships. If the choice of behaviors is not getting people closer, then the counselor works to help them to find new behaviors that lead to a better connection. Focus on specifics. Help them make specific, workable plans to reconnect with people they need, and then follow through on what was planned by helping them evaluate their progress. Help them to understand, through teaching them choice theory and encouraging them to read the book, Choice Theory: a New Psychology of Personal Freedom, that whatever their complaint, reconnecting is the best possible solution to their problem. Reality therapy employs some key questions that help us with self-examination. The first question in reality therapy centers on the main goal, target, or objective. Doing is placed at the hear...

Lawrence v. Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lawrence v. Texas - Essay Example Many other reasons were given for declaring the statute illegal, but the second main issue for doing so was the fact that should the â€Å"deviant sex† be taking place between two consenting adults, and not involving minor children, public conduct, and/or prostitution, then it was not for the Court to â€Å"define the meaning of the relationship or to set its boundaries absent injury to a person or abuse of an institution the law protects† (6). The majority went on to say that, for the most part, adults could be trusted to enter into relationships of their own free will, as well as to consent to the type of sexual activity that would take place in them. Though this was a decidedly main issue, it can be said that it goes back to the first main issue, which was that adults, as adults, had a right to do what they wanted in their own homes, free from fear of punishment.  Central to the majority opinion was a previous case, Bowers v. Hardwick, decided in the opposite manne r of Lawrence v. Texas. In Bowers v. Hardwick, the laws were upheld, and sodomy was declared to be an illegal act. The majority of Lawrence v. Texas declared that the reasoning behind the decision made to be flawed, as the Court did not â€Å"appreciate the extent of the liberty at stake† (6). What the Court failed to consider was that, again, the case was about consensual acts private to a relationship, again taking place in the privacy of a home, and not in public view. They also, again, did not involve minors. Therefore, according to the majority opinion.... Though this was a decidedly main issue, it can be said that it goes back to the first main issue, which was that adults, as adults, had a right to do what they wanted in their own homes, free from fear of punishment. Central to the majority opinion was a previous case, Bowers v. Hardwick, decided in the opposite manner of Lawrence v. Texas. In Bowers v. Hardwick, the laws were upheld, and sodomy was declared to be an illegal act. The majority of Lawrence v. Texas declared that the reasoning behind the decision made to be flawed, as the Court did not â€Å"appreciate the extent of the liberty at stake† (6). What the Court failed to consider was that, again, the case was about consensual acts private to a relationship, again taking place in the privacy of a home, and not in public view. They also, again, did not involve minors. Therefore, according to the majority opinion, Bowers v. Hardwick should not have been allowed to uphold the laws in the first place, as individual libert ies were being infringed upon. From the remarks made, it can be concluded that Lawrence v. Texas was simply correcting a wrong, and doing what Bowers v. Hardwick should have done in the first place, which was to declare sodomy the natural act of a relationship, and not something dirty and illegal. There were those on the Supreme Court that disagreed with the majority opinion, chief among them Justice Scalia and Justice Thomas. Their reasoning was separately made in their dissents, with Justice Scalia having the longer of the two. Justice Thomas kept it brief, mainly stating that while he concurred with the fact that the law was â€Å"uncommonly silly† as it was

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Accounting - Assignment Example But now that he has a colleague that is hardworking and willing to go the extra mile to ensure the business is a success, he does not think twice about leaving. Barrow should renegotiate the agreement and make several changes. First of all, the 50-50 term should be changed, such that each person is paid according to the amount of work he has done or total weekly hours that he has worked. Holiday working and extra hours should also be compensated. He should also include in the agreement that each member can get a live periodically as the other member works. If Robbins still wants them to share the income on a 50-50 basis, then Barrow should also inform him that work is also to be shared equally. Barrow should notify him that he has a family too that he would like to spend time with and it would not be fair if he spends all his time and energy in the business while Robbins is busy enjoying himself. If Robbins declines these terms, then it would be plausible if Barrow worked alone as he is getting