Quasimodo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame Essay -- Hunchback of Notre D

Quasimodo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame      Viewed from the outside, a more horrific being never lived. Everything he presented to the world twisted legs, a deformed spine, oversized hands, and a monocled visage crowned by a mane of hair the rust show of autumn leaves, made him a most insufferable man in the eyes of the people. Ostracized from a society who never hesitated to jeer at his ugliness, Quasimodo, the monster of Notre Dame, jade all abuse with unremitting stoicism while taking shelter behind the walls of his refuge& deoxyadenosine monophosphateemdashthe cathedral. Seemingly devoid of all feeling, Quasimodos hardened carriage only added to his miserable existence as he appeared an even greater aberration from anything human, like one of the hideous gargoyles that rests quietly and defenselessly on the facade of the cathedral as passersby stop to gawk at its grotesque and frightening form. However, once this error of nature experiences the emotions of love and devotion, spawned by the arrival of the beautiful and sympathetic La Esmeralda, Quasimodos inner fortitude, strength, and benevolence transcend his distorted body, allowing the people to view him not as a helpless cripple, but instead as a substantial human being with the bearing of a king. Lame and deaf, the one-eyed, misshapen curiosity of Paris, Quasimodo, dwells as a hermit in the Cathedral of Notre Dame during the 15th century. interpreted under the care of Jean-Claude Frollo when only an infant, Quasimodo receives the occupation of bell ringer, and thus spends his life in constant devotion to the cold, exacting and insensate Archdeacon, extracting all earthly amusement from his haven&emdashthe cathedral&emdashand imparting all his passion to the ringing... ...e citizens, the courts, and the king, leaving them astounded at his display of prowess (190). After withdrawing into his den&emdashNotre Dame&emdashwith his precious gem between his paws, Quasimodo ran to the highest tower which housed the great bell, and held the girl before the eyes of the city as he roared savagely... insane asylum Sanctuary Sanctuary (190). Mounted on the bell tower of Notre Dame, Quasimodo stood before Paris in a regal coat of pride and power, shedding physical smirch to allow an inner compassion and tenderness to emerge before the jungle of onlookers. After witnessing the valor and warmth of the lordly hunchback, neither the citizens of Paris nor Louis XI himself could recall that, for the moment, this beast truly reigned as king.   Hugo, Victor. The Hunchback of Notre Dame. New York Bantam Books, 1984.  

Animals In The Eyes of The Dragon :: essays papers

Animals In The Eyes of The DragonAlthough it may seem instead absurd, the case of animals in The Eyes of the Dragon is a very supreme and dignified part of the novel. Through the development of the novel, the animal kingdom roars novel from insects to dogs and they all in all act upon their own, individual roles. The great black and white Anduan Husky named Frisky who is, out of all of her dogs, Naomis favorite, leads Ben Staad and Naomi directly to the whereabouts of Dennis, Peters butler.Flaggs animals be symbols of his plans for the down take back of Delain. The dragon that is killed by great power Roland may be considered the most the memorable of all. In this archetypal tale, Thomas sees Flagg murder Thomass father through the eyes of the dragon. In the end of the novel, though, all of the animals roles fall into place.Frisky, Naomis companion, is a strong-willed, over-confident, Anduan Husky who may have been the greatest principaling dog that ever lived. This dog sums up the meaning of a mans best friend. Frisky, who can track a three-day-old scent in the middle winter, is the intellect the story takes place as it does. Just as arson dogs help pinpoint the location of substances apply to derail fires, Frisky uses her keen sense of smell to pinpoint exactly where Dennis, son of Brandon, has journeyed to from Peynas farmhouse. Denniss mission is to go back to the castle where Thomas the Tax-Bringer and Flagg,the kings magician, live and be at high power. Peyna, who has just given up his Judge-Generals bench, has a feeling that there is some reason why Peter has asked for the Royal Napkins and his mothers dollhouse. Dennis is to find this reason by sending a letter to Peter, who is imprisoned at the time. Dennis journeys from Peynas farm in the Inner Baronies back to the fearful castle with nothing except for the risks of get killed. 5 days later, with not a soul knowing the whereabouts of Dennis, Naomi and Ben Staad (Peters best friend) com e upon the deserted farm. Naomis dogs have been pulling the sleds for thirty miles all the way from a whitened hollow in which they were camping.The two now feel helpless. With no clue on where there friend had traveled to, they search diligently for each signs of what they are to do next and find nothing atAnimals In The Eyes of The Dragon essays papersAnimals In The Eyes of The DragonAlthough it may seem quite absurd, the role of animals in The Eyes of the Dragon is a very supreme and dignified part of the novel. Through the development of the novel, the animal kingdom roars novel from insects to dogs and they all play their own, individual roles. The great black and white Anduan Husky named Frisky who is, out of all of her dogs, Naomis favorite, leads Ben Staad and Naomi directly to the whereabouts of Dennis, Peters butler.Flaggs animals are symbols of his plans for the downfall of Delain. The dragon that is killed by King Roland may be considered the most the memorable of all. In this archetypal tale, Thomas sees Flagg murder Thomass father through the eyes of the dragon. In the end of the novel, though, all of the animals roles fall into place.Frisky, Naomis companion, is a strong-willed, over-confident, Anduan Husky who may have been the greatest tracking dog that ever lived. This dog sums up the meaning of a mans best friend. Frisky, who can track a three-day-old scent in the middle winter, is the reason the story takes place as it does. Just as arson dogs help pinpoint the location of substances used to start fires, Frisky uses her keen sense of smell to pinpoint exactly where Dennis, son of Brandon, has journeyed to from Peynas farmhouse. Denniss mission is to go back to the castle where Thomas the Tax-Bringer and Flagg,the kings magician, live and are at high power. Peyna, who has just given up his Judge-Generals bench, has a feeling that there is some reason why Peter has asked for the Royal Napkins and his mothers dollhouse. Dennis is to fi nd this reason by sending a letter to Peter, who is imprisoned at the time. Dennis journeys from Peynas farm in the Inner Baronies back to the fearful castle with nothing except for the risks of getting killed. Five days later, with not a soul knowing the whereabouts of Dennis, Naomi and Ben Staad (Peters best friend) come upon the deserted farm. Naomis dogs have been pulling the sleds for thirty miles all the way from a snowy hollow in which they were camping.The two now feel helpless. With no clue on where there friend had traveled to, they search diligently for any signs of what they are to do next and find nothing at

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

Street Car Named DesireA Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams in 1947, has been c every(prenominal)ed the best play ever written by an American. The geological setting of the play, New Orleans, creates a remarkably blended mood of decadence, nostalgia, and sensuality. The spell of the play comes about through the conflict between a creation and his sister-in-law who comes to live at his house with he and his wife. Stanley Kowalski immediately captures the attention of the reference through Williams excellent portrayal of the intensely strong willed piece.The portrayal of Stanley Kowalski plays a major(ip) role in the success of the play. Williams forms Stanley into an extremely masculine character who will always have his way or no way at all and makes his opinions very clear to those around him. This profound masculinity places Stanley in direct opposition to Blanche DuBois. The high-minded yet oddly fragile Blanche takes an immediate dislike to the loutish, l ow-class Stanley, while Stanley immediately recognizes Blanche for what she has become a woman who interprets consolation in indiscriminate sex and alcohol. (Authors & Artists, 165). This clashing forms the conflict which eventually roots itself deeply into the plot of the play. Stanley represents the symbol of the New South. Stanleys aggressiveness leads to his ease in taking total control over a situation. This characteristic also allows Stanley to completely secure the enjoy of all the men who associate with him, however, his onslaught also shines a light upon a very destructive side of his character. In many ways, Stanleys brutality leads to the major conflict between Blanche and himself. And look at yourself Take a look at that worn out Mardi Gras outfit, rented for fifty cents from some rag picker And with that nauseous crown on What queen do you think you are? (Williams, 127). Stanley becomes very blunt in his contempt and aggression towards Blanche. Another view into the excessive aggression of Stanley appears in the third scene. In this scene, Williams provides a look at a very negative side of Stanley. Stanley physically assaults his wife, Stella, after she returns to the house during his poker game. How anyone could find Stella Kowalskis comatose endurance of Stanley healthy or whole-hearted is, indeed, a subject for wonder. (Drama Criticism, 401). Stanley also shows his vi... ...own here. Stella, Stella (Williams, 59). Stanley also appears to fight Blanche for the purpose of saving his life with the woman he loves. When Blanche threatens Stanleys spousal by cajoling her sister to abandon her husband, Stanley brandishes Blanches weaknesses for all to see in an effort to preserve his home and family. (Authors & Artists, 165-66). These characteristics show the loving and caring side of Stanley as puff up as offering a contrasting view to his dark, brutal side.Tennessee Williams creates a brilliant play in A Streetcar Named Desire, featuring an amazing and complex character in Stanley Kowalski. The reader must constantly reevaluate the character of Stanley Kowalski as he presents many questions to the reader throughout the play. During the play, as the conflict develops between Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski, the audience must constantly consider which character portrays the villain and which portrays the victim. Ultimately, however, Stanley prevails. He has gotten rid of Blanche, who has lost everything, and as we see in the closing lines of the play, he is able to alleviate Stellas grief, and their life goes on. (Masterplots, 6316).

The High Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature Essay -- Literar

Today, as historians look at the enlighten handst they look at it through the eyes of the great thinkers.The philosophic spirit itself took refuge in the writings of some great work force(DAlembert,7).They helped create knowledge in how it is viewed today. However, the question remians what is the phratry that these men fall into. at that place are many different names and definitions of what these men can be called and who qualifies to fit in this group. It is said that many of the men that were classified in the category were not actual philosopher thinkers that expanded the mind and challenged thought. In the essay The High learning and the Low-Life of Literature by Robert Darnton he discuses the status of these philosophes that were being produced during the High Enlightenment. He argues that the summit view of eighteenth-century intellectual history has been described so often and so well that it might be useful to strike out in a new direction, to try to get to the bottom of the Enlightenment, and try to penetrate into its underworld...from below(Darnton,57). He decides to look at the status of the enlightenment thinkers during this time to essay the social standing that they had and the influence upon the world around them, not from the overall philosophes. Not from their works that were produced or the social responses to them from the actual men of letters themselves.Darnton criticizes former(a) historians for having looked at the Enlightenment only through the eyes of this elite and proposes that, instead, we examine it from the perspective of those who failed to break into this closed elite of literary aristocrates(Who were the Philosophes, 44). Darnton discusses, in his essay, the stance of the men of letters during the ... ... impoverished. The members of Grub Street now needed the change that was happening in thought during the Early Enlightenment. It would seem to be necessary, therefore, in looking for the tie-up between the Enlightenmen t and the Revolution, to examine the structure of the cultural world under the Old Regime, to descend from the heights of metaphysics and to enter Grub Street(Darnton, 65). These ideas of the old Enlightenment were seeping down into the lower classes because of what was happening to the Men of Letters. These members needed a change. While they grew fat in Voltaires church, the revolutionary spirit passed to the lean and hungry men of Grub Street, to the cultural pariahs who, through poverty and humiliation(Darnton, 66). This is what was happening in France during the High Enlightenment that led down into the Revolution for further change.

Database management Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionThe purpose of the case study is to examine the concepts and ideas that Anthony Ng use to somewhat develop a digital database system. The Hong Kong architectural industry had derived enormous gains from the unpar every last(predicate)el economic success in real estate and stock grocery store speculation(CABC, 2000).This new economic surge lawsuitd much stress to come in contact with the architectural profession This stress was to produce quantity quite of woodland designs. This was to meet demands of the rapidly growing society, causing building to be built by the masses. This is non the way Anthony Ng Architects Ltd wanted to run their business, it was not the way the corporation did business. Anthony Ng, was the managing director for Anthony Ng Architects Ltd. His goal for the company as managing director was to develop a highly advanced EDMS, a paperless office. This paperless office would go out the architects to spend more time on designing, and less on paperw ork. His plan was to have in place an Intranet and a web-based document management system when they travel into the new office(CABC, 2000). Anthony main goal or primary objective was that this new paperless office will increase his corporation get back to creating quality designs as hygienic as a quality of them. The new paperless office will allow for better communication both outside as well as inside the corporation. Also would allow for the architects to focus on designing instead of paperwork. A) Change in Communication PatternsWhile Anthony was aware of some of the potential drop setbacks that are going to show up in the process of changing the style of communication, I feel that he did not cover all the essentials. A very important issue that Anthony may have overlook, called dismemberment. Dismemberment can be described as the challenge of technological incompatibility(Sutton, 1996). This can fall out frequently in large corporations such as Anthony Ng Architects Limited, when there are many different departments or divisions communicating together. What happens is that each division inescapably to make sure that they are all using to same programs to communicate. If would have been good for Anthony to make sure that the EDMS ... ...spAll data recovery covers is back ups to all the documents that a stored in the system. Backups are critical to protect valuable data. All thought the expertise is needed, to be sure that important data is safely sanction up. This is goes back to the importance of the planning stage to make sure that this area is covered before hand. The loss of imporatant and valuable data or records can cause huge problems to corporations. Data recovery should be one of the most important aspects of you EDM system. This is what Anthonys plan was missing for his corporation. For example if Anthonys plan had gone into proceeding with no data recovery system, what would have happen if important documents were lost to the design of a new building. This problem would have cause the corporation to movement if they made the right decision to switch to an EDM system. ConclusionAnthony was correct in understanding that his Architectural firm need to move to and EDM system. For a business to be competitive in today growing economical market, it is important to focus more on the product then the documents relating to the business.

war on drugs :: essays research papers

A News Analysis By Terence T. Gorski (5-28-01) Tom Cohen of the Associated Press reported on May 28, 2001 that Canadas dose curtail constitution is slowly but clearly shifting toward de evilizing hemp. This Canadian political movement is in opposition to current trends in US drug impartiality and could influence future direction of drug policy in the United States toward a public health addiction policy that foc wasting diseases upon prevention and treatment and absent from a criminal justice drug policy that focuses upon punishment as a deterrent.Canada has historically been more tolerant of marijuana than the United States and arrest statistics carry the disparity in the two nations approaches. The Canadian Center on marrow squash Abuse said about 25,000 people were arrested in Canada for simple possession of marijuana in 1999. The U.S. figure for that year under the zero tolerance policy of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration was 24 times higher, exceeding 600,000, s ays the National Organization for the Reform of ganja Laws in Washington. The U.S. population is about eight times that of Canadas. Justice Minister Anne McLellan says the issue should be studied, and a new Parliament committee on drug matters will look at decriminalization. Conservative Party leader Joe Clark is urging the elimination of criminal penalties for possessing a small amount of pot. Its unjust to see some hotshot, because of one decision one night in their youth, carry the stigma - to be barred from studying medicine, law, architecture or other fields where a criminal record could present an obstacle, Clark said last week. The government has proposed expanding medicinal use of marijuana, and the Canadian Medical Association Journal recently supported full decriminalization. Canadas exacting Court will consider a case this year that contends criminal charges for the personal use of marijuana violate constitutional rights. Making possession and use of small amounts of ma rijuana a civil offense - akin to a traffic fine- instead of a criminal violation would move Canadian policy closer to attitudes in The Netherlands and away from the United States, its neighbor and biggest trade partner.U.S. anti-drug activists are worried that legalization of marijuana in Canada could depress prices in the United States fashioning marijuana more available. Legalization in Canada would also boost the arguments of American advocates for easing U.S. drug laws. Joseph A. Califano Jr., president of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, and a former U.S.

war on drugs :: essays research papers

A News Analysis By Terence T. Gorski (5-28-01) Tom Cohen of the Associated Press reported on May 28, 2001 that Canadas drug control policy is slowly but clearly shifting toward decriminalizing marihuana. This Canadian political movement is in opposition to current trends in US drug law and could square up future direction of drug policy in the United States toward a public health addiction policy that focuses upon prevention and treatment and away from a criminal justice drug policy that focuses upon punishment as a deterrent.Canada has historically been more tolerant of marijuana than the United States and arrest statistics show the dissimilitude in the two nations approaches. The Canadian Center on Substance debauch said about 25,000 people were arrested in Canada for simple possession of marijuana in 1999. The U.S. figure for that year under the zero tolerance policy of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration was 24 times higher, exceeding 600,000, says the National Organiza tion for the Reform of Marijuana Laws in Washington. The U.S. population is about eight times that of Canadas. Justice Minister Anne McLellan says the issue should be studied, and a new Parliament committee on drug matters go away look at decriminalization. Conservative Party leader Joe Clark is urging the elimination of criminal penalties for possessing a abject amount of pot. Its unjust to see someone, because of one finis one night in their youth, carry the stigma - to be barred from studying medicine, law, architecture or other fields where a criminal understand could present an obstacle, Clark said last week. The government has proposed expanding medicinal use of marijuana, and the Canadian Medical Association Journal recently supported full decriminalization. Canadas Supreme woo will consider a case this year that contends criminal charges for the personal use of marijuana violate constitutional rights. Making possession and use of small amounts of marijuana a civil offen se - akin to a traffic fine- instead of a criminal violation would move Canadian policy close at hand(predicate) to attitudes in The Netherlands and away from the United States, its neighbor and biggest trade partner.U.S. anti-drug activists are worried that legalization of marijuana in Canada could depress prices in the United States making marijuana more available. Legalization in Canada would also boost the arguments of American advocates for easing U.S. drug laws. Joseph A. Califano Jr., president of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, and a former U.S.

Busn311 Unit 2 Ip

Unit 2 Probability and Distributions Leah Lopez Ameri give the gate InterContinental University Abstract Within this telecommunicate, I will cover different probabilities within your company. This information can help you to understand whether or not your employees ar satisfied with their jobs or not. Also within the results of this survey, you will find that your employees argon not distributed equally in terms of gender. Memo To AIU From Leah Lopez Date November 13, 2012 Subject Survey of employees at American Intellectual Union Dear AIU Within this email, I will be providing most information from a survey that was given to your employees.This information can help you to understand how satisfied your workers are with their jobs. This will also help you to understand whether or not you should hire more women and men to even out the gender amongst certain departments. Overview of the Data Set The current data set is comprised of 64 individuals who were surveyed, and this is a par t of the sample of the population at American Intellectual Union, and these individuals were identified by 5 characteristics gender, age, position (hourly or salaried), tenure, and how they felt about job happiness on a scale of one to seven.The qualitative variables include gender, department, and position. The quantitative variables include age, tenure, and job satisfaction. Use of Statistics and Probability in the Real World at that place are several different ways that statistics and chance could be used in the realistic world. You could run into this used in the horse races, the lottery, certain things in the stock market, also in marketing in a corporation. The Value of Statistics Every corporation that is successful exhausts statistics.It does not matter if they are operating a small fish store or they are a member of a board for a huge military control, almost every decision make by a corporation is based on statistics. Averages, means and medians are a part of a busin esss everyday life. Whether it is a chart, a data set, a correlation, or a bias, there is some sort of tool that will make sure your company is successful (Ayres, 2009). Data sets are one of the easiest statistical devices for businesses and one that you will probably exhaust mundane without realizing it.When a person is reading over his/her bank reports, and taking care of daily business, they are more than likely going over a data set. When you pick up the morning paper and look at how your companys stock is do, you are smell at figures gleaned from a data set. When using the words average, mean or deviation, youre describing statistical tools that are currently being exhausted in your business (Ayres, 2009). Charts arent just a pretty picture of an aspect of your business they are a visual representation of a data set.Whether you are looking at a bar chart of sales or a pie chart of company profits, these snapshots can tell you where your business is performing well and where it is performing poorly. From bank balances to employee compensation, charts and graphs can give you a visual picture of any part of your company which deals with data (Ayres, 2009). Correlations are where one core causes another. For example, you may rule that customers who buy a certain type of product are more likely to purchase another type of product.However, just because you think one event is causing another doesnt necessarily make it true it could be a coincidence. Correlation analysis allows you to figure out whether one event is causative or not. A knowledge of correlations can be invaluable in planning sales and marketing campaigns (Ayres, 2009). Every business uses or produces some kind of statement or resolution however, these may not always come out to be reliable. Errors may be present in the data collection, different sources do not always have the same information and there also could be mistakes in he calculations. Bias is when statistical results are different from the real or true value. A knowledge of bias will help you to understand which results are worth using for your business (Ayres, 2009). Distributions A distribution disconcert can keep all of this information (numbers, row data) handy. A person can look, and say, oh, the participants in this survey were 75% male, or 25 % female. The managers can see the information and not just the raw data.Then complete the following distribution tables. Please pay attention to whether you should present the results in terms of percentages or honest counts. Distribution of Individuals by Gender Gender region Females 50% Males 50% Tenure with Company Distribution by Gender Please note that you do NOT have to convert these into percentages. You may leave them in a count format. Under 2 days 2-5 Years Over 5 years Male 8 11 13 Female 10 3 19 Percentage of the Survey Participants in Each Department Department Percentage Information Technology 34% Human Resources 25% Adminis tration 41% Sample sloshed for Extrinsic Value by Gender Gender Mean Extrinsic Value Male 5. 32 Female 5. 36 Probabilities The probabilities that will be calculated here are that an individual will be mingled with the ages of 16-21 that an individuals overall job satisfaction will be 5. 2 or higher females working in human resources and an individuals intrinsic satisfaction is 5 or more.This information will be useful to AIU because they can look at these probabilities and find out what they need to potpourri to increase job satisfaction, and they can also see whether or not they have an equal amount of females and males working in each department. Classification count Probability Probability that an individual will be between 18 28% 1621 years of age Probability that an individuals overall job 35 55% satisfaction is 5. or lower Probability that an individual will be a female 5 8% in the human resources department Probability that an individual will be a 12 19% salaried employee whose intrinsic satisfaction value is 5 or more Probabilities in the Business World The theory of probability is actually the study of non-planned happenings. This type of study, of course, is math-related, and started when people would try to win card and dice games for money. Each and every decision that is made in a business setting has some sort of risk involved with it. With this being said, it seems that in the business setting, probability would be used to handle a businesss financial risks.Even the choices that are made by management have a probability of succeeding or (S. , 2010). Conclusion I hope that you have found all of the information within this survey of use. Using the information within this email can help you to improve working conditions for your employees. Sincerely, Leah A. Lopez Senior Board Member References Ayres, I. (2009, August 13). The Value of Statistics. Retrieved from Freakonomics http//www. freakonomics. com/2009/08/13/the-va lue-of-statistics/ S. , E. (2010). How Probability is Used in Business. Retrieved from Reference. com http//www. reference. com/motif/ accomplishment/how-probability-is-used-in-business

My Favorite Sights Essay

As it known to us all that different countries possess different cultures, which presents both from the countrys sceneries and its piles custom, such as the diversity between ancient Rome and ancient China, and every country is proud of them. China, a country that is famous for its large keep down of gorgeous sights attracts millions of tourists each year. And capital of Red China has always becomes the first choice for foreigners owing to its historical and scenical aspects. One of the most will-known architectures in Beijing is the Forbidden City.It lies in the primordial axis of the whole city, also known as the biggest wooden structure in the world has witnessed the five thousand years history of our country. It was built in 1420, and had been the palace for the royal family for oer five hundred years, until the emperor Fuyi was banished. The Palace Museum, the focal point of the Forbidden City, was built in 1925, and then becomes country-owned after the fundamental law of Chi na, and in 1988, it was approved as one of the world heritages. (Baidu Online Encyclopedia). It is the biggest ancient-art museum in China, and the majority of the antiques are from Qing Dynasty.One of the most famous exhibitions is called Qingming Riversides, it is remembered as a top-notch painting from stock Dynasty which mainly describes the bustling and livelihood in that particular period. And it is the exquisite technique that depicts human, livestock, constructions, and trading in a piece of more than five meters long news report that makes the painting prominent. Moreover, the museum also collects beautiful China and bronze, which presents power and privilege in ancient China. Right behind the Forbidden City is the Jing Shan Park.The garden used to be the place where the royal family spends their leisure time, however after the fade of the family it became a public park. Whats more, Jing Shan Mountain inside the park is the tallest point of the whole Beijing City, which tourists can overlook the special scenery of the Forbidden City and the quadrangle houses near the park. The most attractive sight spot outside the city is the prominent Wall. As an old saying goes, He who has never been to The Great Wall is not a true man, people have been inspired over a whole life to go to The Great Wall because of the spectacular scenery and the mysterious history.The Great wall was designed for defending the nomadic people from the north at 3rd century BC, after the first unify of the country. It took one-twentieth of the whole population to build at that time. However, the part we referred today is the wall rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, which is nearly nine thousand meters long. Scientist havent figure out how can those people carry so many bricks without any machinery tools up to the mountains at that time.When I was a little girl, my father took me to the Great Wall, and I was absolutely astonished by the majestic view from the beacon tower, the continuous mountain, the vast glum sky above, and the most importantthe dragon-shaped wall, and once you climbed up to the top beacon tower, you would never be able to resist yourself taking pictures of the splendid landscapes. Beijinga city combined with history, beauty, and modernity in such a harmony, has always been my favorite sight. And how can you miss such an amazing city if you are a travel enthusiast

In Jean Paul Sartre’s novel Nausea

In Jean Paul Sartres novel Nausea, the origin of Roquentins nausea is shown to be the essence by which things are named and which acts as a faade over the more genuine nature of their instauration. Throughout his experience, Roquentin realizes that much of what is touted as pregnant in life is really non-essential. In fact, he finds that the deepest mysteries are hidden by a more frivolous veneer of plurality, to which people utilize names based on their attributes.These plural objects he finds himself disgusted withbeginning with the stone he held in his hand at his moment of epiphany. This nausea that is experient by Roquentin is in direct contrast to individuality, because at root he believes that all comes down to existence. People and objects exist that is all that can and should be say about them. All their other attributes are merely decoys blinding people to the real truth about themselves and their world. Therefore, any individualism is a mere illusion, and still claim s made by persons concerning ideologies are simply efforts at distracting oneself from the confounding mystery of existence.Roquentins nausea manifests itself as a reply to the nominal nature of objects. This musical theme of naming objects (nouns) is one that distracts the mind from the fact that the object is there, in existence, without any real explanation as to why it exists. Roquentin says, Everywhere, now, there are objects same this codswallop of beer on the table there. When I see it, I feel like saying Enough (Sartre, 8). In fact, this is the way his nausea reacts to all attributes of objects, including color, taste, and other features by which people describe them.The judgement of an object as a blue book, for instance, explains away the existence of the object and prevents one from marveling at the fact that it exists at all. This manakin of apprehension can occur most readily when a thing can be seen, and this explains why Roquentins nausea occurs only(prenominal ) in the light. The light, consort to the causalitying put forth by Roquentin, is where an objects existence becomes obscured. In the dark (or even in the mind of a subject who thinks of the object) the unconscious is likely to think of the thing only in price of its being therethat is, being in existence. However, in the light, the senses are apt to pick up such(prenominal) things as shape, color, and text. These peripheral things are mere distractionsfrivolities that serve to concoct a reason for the things existence and to divert the mind from the profound fact of the thing.In the equal way, Roquentins nausea rises against personalities of his and away eras, and this can be seen as a method of criticizing any tendency toward individualism. This can be seen as he views trustworthy paintings and portraits of personalities. It can also be seen in his nauseated reaction to such persons as the Self-Taught Man and others, whose past lives he comes to dismiss as being non-existen t like all things past. These people, he argues, have succumbed to an illusion of past glory and exploits, and from this have come to deny their own existence by promoting their essence.In contrast, Roquentin views such historical personalities as Robespierre, Lenin, and Cromwell all as one (Sartre, 69). This proceeds from the idea (noted earlier) that the attributes of a given thing act as a glare that prevents the viewing of the more important fact of existence which lies beyond the glare. Following this reasoning, then anything or anyone that seeks to make a name for himself and denies his/her oneness with the inexplicable existence of the universe acts futilely.The work that Roquentin constructs more or less the marquis Rollebon is described as conjecture rather than reality. In fact, the only reality that Roquentin acknowledges is the present. This underlines the concept within the novel that debunks individualism, as Roquentins mining of the past to create the marquis can onl y create a false version of the man. This is further demonstrated in the fact that the marquis life is recreated only through retelling his actions or describing his features. Yet, these are both examples of the things that nauseate Roquentinthe very attributes that distract from the mystery of the marquis existence.In fact, Roquentin says of Rollebon, He is a bubble of fog and desire, he is ghastly as death in the glass, Rollebon is dead, (Sartre, 102). The significance of this is that, through Roquentins book, these attributes attempt to mask the fact that Rollebon is dead and therefore no longer in existence. It is existence that is important. Non-existence equals unimportance, regardless of ones attributes and exploits. Therefore, Roquentin ceases to continue writing Robellons history. This idea can be further generalized to all persons who somehow become distinct from all others in existence (whether by naming at birth or subsequent celebrity) as this is all meaningless.The na usea experienced by Roquentin is also a reaction to human beings tendency to generalize ideas and form them into ideologies. His reaction to Self-Taught Mans socialism highlights the movement as a frivolous regard for brothers, sisters, fellow macrocosm and mankind which in reality are names and attributes that merely mask a more homogeneous existence that is common to all that are in the world. This existence unites man with animal and with inanimate objects, and any attempt to individualize or distinguish those things around which ideologies are formed is fruitless.Roquentin also refers to what he terms contingency. He writes, The essential thing is contingency. I mean that one cannot define existence as necessity (Sartre, 131). This hints at the idea that any particular reason concocted by the human mind that points toward the need for a things existence is beside the point of existence, which is by no means essential. In Roquentins conception, therefore, such explanations are n on-essential. The only thing that matters is that a thing exists at all, and not ideologies that explain why it exists.The nausea that is experienced by Roquentin exists as a resolving of his growing disgust with the nominalization of the homogeneous world. He experiences a vertiginous reaction to the illumination of individual objects, which highlights the things attributes. Yet it is these attributes that most prevent the apprehension of their profound existence, as they offer an illusory reason for the things otherwise inexplicable presence in the world.This represents a form of individualism that Roquentin believes is a faade, as all things (persons, objects, animals, etc.) are one in existence. This idea, which is the origin of Roquentins nausea, presents therefore an argument against individualism. It also presents a similar argument against ideology, as these so-called universal concepts are based on beliefs about (or on attributes of) particular thingsand these attributes in reality do not exist.Work CitedSartre, Jean Paul. Nausea. New York New Directions publishing Corporation.

Joyce Carol Oates “Golden Gloves” Story

Yu-Tzu Lin Instructor Emily Plicka English 101 6, October 2012 In Joyce Carol Oates story favorable Gloves, it is to the highest degree the growth of a boy to becoming a man. This boy who was a born with malformed feet, he had couldnt walk until 3 years old. His dad was a picayune shameful of him being handicapped. He didnt like people to touch him or help him. When he was eight, he had a surgery on his feet. He suffered a lot of pain during his rehabilitation . His father took him to a boxing match and he fell in love with boxing right away.He told himself that He would box one sidereal day at the Golden Gloves tournament and people would see him standing there in that ring, not in a wheelchair. He began his training at the YMCA. He worked out every day in order to keep himself in the best shape. All he thought approximately was boxing. He was told that he had talent and had a future. He won many local matches. At the young age of eighteen he boxed in the semi-finals of the G olden Gloves tournament, and it was the game that terminate his boxing career. A few years later, he married a woman, Annemarie, who desired to have children so bad.She always wanted to have a family tear down after her first miscarriage she subdued persisted to be large(predicate) again. Finally, Annemarie got pregnant again. They took natural childbirth classes together. But her husband never told Annemarie about his pastabout his amateur boxing. He even wasnt honest about his premature birth and deformed feet. It is a deep shame he struggles with. Joyce Carol Oates Golden Gloves story, the main character struggles with risk, even as an adult who eventually achieves success and happiness in his career and marriage.His insecurity haunts him his whole life through First, insecurity as a child, he was suffering a lot of pain from his deformed feet. He was being bullied by the kids at school. He would grab them and accidental injury them and made them cry when he got older. Thos e childhood experiences built up his personality more like shy, showing none of his emotions in him, even a little bit self-abased. As a child, there was not much things that he could do about it, so he keeps his hurt and anger bottled up inside. (P. 774) Second, as a boxer, he lies awake at night worrying about the punch out of nowhere and worries about disappointing his dad.When he was training at YMCA, he was constantly look ating about what did other people think about him and if he challenged other boys, could he knock him out? He withal practiced with boys that might be older than him. He improved himself, he knew his weaknesses. (p776) From that example shows that he was in situate that he would be fail. Although some readers might think that it showed his humility, actually here is a mixture feeling of being humble and afraid of not being the best boxer. His father made the statement all you have the talent or you dont, It cant be fake. (p. 776) this pointed out that he h ad to win to show that he had talent in boxing. to a fault his dad put bets on him and that gave him more pressure and worried about letting his dad down. That is probably why he would wake up in the middle of the night and confused about himself. Here, Oates wrote His fists when he woke would be clenched so hard his fingernails would be cutting into his palms, his toes curled in tight and secure as if still deformed, secretly deformed. (p. 779) because character here was animal(prenominal)ly healed, he was not crippled anymore.But he still had the same reaction as when he was crippled before. Moreover, the last word, secretly deformed, makes readers feel like that he is still deformed in some way. Maybe he is not physically deformed maybe in deep down his heart, he is still that crippled boy. Third, he was also insecure as an adult in his readiness admire the strength of his wife, her willingness to try again reminds him of his failure at eighteen, and his insecurity haunts him . Annemarie, his wife, was miscarriage the first pregnancy. She suffered a lot physically and mentally.Annemarie was persistent to be pregnant again but he hesitated. Annemaries persistence made him think of his boxing career, made him think of his failure. The main character told himself that Its just physical after all it doesnt mean anything. Such failures of physical life dont mean anything. You take the blow then get on with living isnt that the history of the world? Of course it is. This part showed that he was trying to comfort himself and made himself feel better about trying again. And the next he said he is an adult now, not a boy any longer. (p. 82) He compared Annemaries miscarriage to his failure at eighteen, and he look up to the strength of his wife and persuaded himself that he can take more now. Even though when the cross due in less than a week, he was still insecure about the punch out of nowhere. (p. 783) Maybe he was worried about that he couldnt control wha t would happen next. Throughout his life, things were always happened unexpectedly. He hadnt been a fighter at all, merely a victim. (P. 783) This phrase from Oates story pointed out that his biggest insecurity is from life, since he was a premature baby who had deformed feet.He worked so hard to be able to walk he got bullied by other kids. When he finally became a boxer, he was worried about disappointing his dad, and failure in boxing. He still struggled with insecurity about things happened to his wife. Actually he had a good life when he grew up. But why does he continue to feel insecure in his life, in his happiness? Is it because deep down inside of him he is still that little boy with deformed feet that people pitted or made fun of? Hopefully, he would learn from strength of Annemarie. And maybe when their baby is born, he can feel more secure in his role as a father and a husband.

Occupational Safety and Health

CT301 Understand wellness and Safety in Social C are Settings ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. 3 Reasons whitethorn complicate To comply with wellness and in effect(p)ty legislation, To preserve life, To minimise the consequences of injury and illness, To treat injuries and illnesses effectively. 4. 1 Routes of infection whitethorn include Blood circulation, Digestive, Respiratory, embody fluids. 4. 2 Own wellness or hygiene might pose a risk by e. g. Ca utilize a serious infection, Causing illness, Causing fatalities. 4. 3 Method may include apply soap, Using running water, Using hot water, Thoroughly, Frequently,Rubbing palms and interlacing fingers, After every contact with an single(a), body fluids or tasks. 4. 4 Personal protective equipment refers to some(prenominal) protective equipment or clothing that an employer must pull up stakes where risks have been identified. This may include Gloves, Aprons, Masks, Hair nets. When to use may include During personal care, Handling waste, A change of activity, To protect the carer, To protect the separate. 5. 1 Current legislation may include Manual intervention Operations Regulations, Health & Safety at fake Act. 5. 2 Principles may include Avoiding hazardous manual handling,Conducting a full risk assessment of load, task, environment and individual, Reporting without delay any difficulties, Adhering to agreed working practices, Using equipment correctly. 5. 3 Reasons may include To comply with legislation, To minimise injury to individual, self or others, To safeguard bear and others health and gumshoe, To apply agreed working practices, To use equipment correctly. Disposing of fare may include Wiping all spillages quickly, Ensuring all left over food is disposed of quickly, Ensuring bins are emptied frequently. 11. 3 Common hazards could beNot cooking/h ingest food until piping hot, Re-heating food more than once, Using food that has passed its use-by date, Not following correct melt instructions for food, Contamination by dint of different foods spilling onto each other. 1. 1 Current legislation and subsequent amendments may include Health & Safety at Work Act, The Management of Health & Safety Work Regulations, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH), Manual Handling Operations Regulations, The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), Personal Protective equipment regulations. . 2 Policies and procedures may include agreed ways of working as well as formal policies and procedures Main points may include The significant risks in tattle to the workplace and work tasks, Control measures for hazards, The arrangements for reporting accidents or health problems, The arrangements for first aid, fire and emergencies, Who the key person is for health and safety matters, How health and safety is communicated in the workplace, The arrangements to protect others. Individual refers to someone requiring care or support. 1. Responsibil ities of the social care worker may include To take reasonable care for own and others health and safety, To report to employer capability and actual hazards and risks, To take part in health and safety training, To understand and comply with health and safety instructions and procedures. Responsibilities of the employer or manager may include To provide a safe place of work, To assess risks and take action to reduce them, To provide information, instruction, training and supervision, To provide safety signs, To provide adequate welfare and first aid facilities.Responsibilities of individuals may include To understand and comply with health and safety instructions and procedures, To take reasonable care for own and others health and safety. 1. 4 Tasks that the learner should not carry out without special training may include those relating to Use of equipment, First aid, Medication, Assisting and moving, Emergency procedures, Food handling and preparation. 1. 5 Accessing additiona l support and information may include Appointed person(s) responsible for health and safety, Line manager, Health and safety Executive (HSE),Environmental Health department. 2. 1 Meaning of hazard may include The potential to cause harm e. g. working practice. Meaning of risk may include The likelihood of harm occurring e. g. through exposure to a hazard. 2. 2 Using a risk assessment may include Identifying hazards, Evaluating risks, Taking precautions, Reviewing risks, Reporting and recording outcomes. 2. 3 Reporting potential risks may include Recording findings on a risk assessment form, Communicating findings immediately to manager/appointed health and safety, representative. When to report potential risks may includeImmediately, When existing control measures are inadequate, When additional control measures are required, When there have been changes to original risk assessment e. g. changes to working practices. 2. 4 peril assessment can help by e. g. Making the individual a ware of the risks, Making the individual aware of the responsibilities employees and the employer have, Being employ as the basis for safe working arrangements. 3. 1 Accidents may include Falls, Burns and scalds, Slips and trips, Swallowing a hazardous substance. 3. 2 Sudden Illness may include Cardiac arrest, Difficulty with breathing,Stroke, Hypoglycaemia, Seizures, injustice of consciousness, Food poisoning. Procedures may include Recording and reporting of accident or illness with full details, Registered person submitting notification to CQC and HSE, Informing individuals next of kin. 6. 1 Reasons may include To understand individuals needs and preferences, To meet individuals needs and preferences, To apply agreed working practices, To move the individual safely and correctly, To minimise injury to individual, self or others. 6. 2 Care Plan may be known by other names (e. g. support plan, individual plan).It is the document where day-to-day requirements and preferences for care and support are detailed. Importance of care plan and fully engaging with individual may include To understand individuals needs and preferences, To meet individuals needs and preferences, To move the individual safely and correctly, To involve individual as an active participant in process, To minimise injury to individual, self or others, As a way of ensuring that move is comfortable for the individual. 7. 1 Hazardous Substances may include Cleaning materials, Disinfectants, Body fluids, Medication. . 2 Safe practices for storing may include In correct and labelled containers only, Under correct conditions as per instructions, In a secure area. Safe practices for using may include Reading instructions on label before using, Not mixing substances together incorrectly, Only using substances if trained to do so, Using PPE as instructed, Reporting any difficulties immediately, Safe practices for disposing may include Under correct conditions as per instructions, By following disp osal workplace procedure. 8. 1 Procedures to stop fire may includeNo smoking, Not having fire doors propped open, Checking appliances are turned off, Checking plugs are switched off, pursuance a procedure checklist. Procedures to prevent gas leaks may include Checking appliances are turned off e. g. cooker, fire. Procedures to prevent floods may include Being aware of how to turn off main water supply, Ensuring taps are turned off after use e. g. bath, sink. Procedures to prevent intruding may include Being vigilant of security of edifice i. e. doors, windows, Locking doors and windows, Not broad out key codes to others,Following a procedure checklist. Procedures to prevent security breaches may include Being vigilant of security of building i. e. doors, windows, Reporting any concerns, Following a procedure checklist. 8. 2 Procedures to follow in event of fire may include Raise the alarm, Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Go to fire assembly poin t, Move self and others away from danger area if safe to do. Procedures to follow in event of a gas leak may include Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Do not turn any switches on/off,Go to assembly point, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of a flood may include expel off main water supply, Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Do not turn any switches on/off, Go to assembly point, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of intruding may include Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Move self and others to a safe area if possible, Record incident.Procedures to follow in event of a security breach may include Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. 9. 1 Stress can have positive a s well as negative effects, but in this unit the word is used to refer to negative stress. Common signs and indicators of stress may include Feeling more tearful or sensitive, Loss of motivation, Changes in sleep patterns, Changes in eating habits. 9. 2 Circumstances may include Increased demands from others, Changes in working practices or new working practices,Changes in team members, Relationships, Unexpected changes i. e. financial, personal, work. 9. 3 slipway may include Taking time out for yourself, Talking through how you feel with your line manager, Attending any stress management courses available, Engaging in relaxing activities whilst away from work. 10. 1 Handling medication may include Ordering, Receiving, Storage administration, Recording, Disposal. 10. 2 Person responsible for medication may include happy worker, Designated person, Individual when self-medicating. 10. 3 Reasons may include To comply with legislation, To ensure it is administered safely,To ensure it is administered correctly, As workers are accountable for their actions. 11. 1 Current food safety standards may include Food Standards Act, Food safety workplace policy, Food safety guidelines. 11. 2 Storing food may include Ensuring all food stored is covered over, Storing food on correct shelf/container in fridge/cupboard, Labelling with date all food stored, Storing cooked food when cooled down. Maximising hygiene may include Keeping yourself clean, wear protective clothing, Keeping workplace clean, Using separate utensils and equipment for different types of food, Regular and through hand washing.

Industrial Democracy in Zimbabwe Essay

industrial body politic has its origins in the theories of Kurt Lewin who strongly advocated the idea that the management of change requires full participation from those affected by change (Sambureni 2001). Sambureni further defines industrial democracy as a operation in which employees either directly or indirectly through their representatives, share equal power over the decision-making puzzle out which management normally reserves to itself. industrial democracy is also defined as an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the piece of work (www.wikipedia.org ).As can be deduced from the above definitions, the essential feature of industrial democracy is that it gives employees or their representatives a share in the process of management. It is against this background that this undertake pass on examine the view that there is industrial democracy in Zimbabwe using practical congresswomans from Zimbabwean enterprises.Sinc e the settler occupation in 1890, in the hierarchical put of Rhodesia, the Black stood at the lowest level. As an African, one was subjected to the overall system of discrimination, as a worker, one was also a victim of particularregulations which prior to the Industrial Conciliation Act of 1959, prevented African workers from participating in the determination of their conditions of service by excluding them from the definition of employee (Maphosa, 1991). The colonialists promulgated laws that repressed and suppressed workers, most notably, the Master and Servants Act, hence, the absence seizure of industrial democracy. Upon attainment of independence, the government of Zimbabwe implemented policies to address the racial imbalancesthat were created by the colonial administration in terms of industrial relations to promote industrial democracy in workplaces.Sachikonye (1985) propounds that the existence of a Labour Courtin Zimbabwe is clear testimony of the presence of industrial democracy in Zimbabwe. It is an appeal court for a class of labour disputes. The Labour Courtprotects workers redresss to the extent where some writers claim that workers in Zimbabwe are over-protected by the law. This claim is supported by various cases, one of which is the case where dividing line Zimbabwe Senior Managers relieved of their duties in 2009 and took up their matter tothe Labour Court were awarded one hundred thousand United States dollars exit packages for each manager. This is industrial democracy at its best though some critics may find it too harsh a ruling on the part of the employer who might face monetary challenges caused by the un anticipate expense and leaves the employer with no right to dismiss employees as the dismissed employees will appeal through the labour court which always rules against the employer.However, an world(prenominal) LabourOrganisation (ILO) audit carried taboo by Lovemore Madhukunotes that awards and judgements by the Labour Court are not immediately enforceable as they assimilate to be registered with the High Court. several(prenominal) re smorgasbordists have suggested that the Labour Court should be made the court of final appeal in all labour matters and be empowered to enforce its accept decisions.The audit also notes that there are no time limits prescribed for making judgements. This was contrasted with other countries where time limits, the most common being 30 and 90 days are stipulated.In this case, rightness delayed is justice denied thereby violating the principles of industrial democracy.According to the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013), except for members of the Security Services, every person in Zimbabwe has the right to form and join Trade Unions and employee and employers organisations of their choice and to participate in the lawful activities of those marriage ceremonys and activities. The right to form or join or participate in the activities of a trade union is protected by both the C onstitution of Zimbabwe and the Labour dealing Act (Madhuku, 2009). This supports the view that there is industrial democracy in Zimbabwe as it gives employee or employer organisations the right to engage in collective bargaining, organise and form and join federations of such unions and organisations. Examples of Trade unions in Zimbabwe include Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) which is the controlling central Trade Union in Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Teachers Association (ZIMTA) the largest and most influential Teachers organisation and the Zimbabwe Federation of Trade Unions (ZFTU) made up of professionals in labour management, disputes and motor lodge settlements among others.It is notable to mention though that in practice, members of independent trade Union organisations face harassment and intimidation from governmentforces and it is extremely difficult for them to carry out any Trade Union activities. Although the High Court ruled in April 2002 that the ZCTU does not need permission from the police to hold private meetings, the police have continued to interfere with its meetings, for example, on January 10 2006, armed police raided ZCTU offices confiscating computer discs and files and the government claimed to have launched an investigation into allegations of financial mismanagement by trade union leaders but ZCTU President Lovemore Matombo said it was a political move to silence the union by discrediting its leadership, hence, violating the ethics of industrial democracy.The enactment of the Labour dealings Act of 1985 in Zimbabwe bears witness to the presence of industrial democracy. The Act, according to Sambureni (2001) created a framework for the exercise of fundamental rights of workers that include termination of usance, retrenchment, dispute settlement process and HIV and AIDS regulations, unfair labour practices, minimum and maximum wages, creates a framework for collective bargaining as a source of terms and conditions of employme nt and also vests the dispute handling powers with the Ministry of Labour to deal with work-related disputes through mediation, conciliation and arbitration. In this case, however, one can argue that state intervention in the form of legislated minimum wages or maximum salaries has in part contributed to ineffectual worker participation in managerial decision making. In some sectors, for example the Apex Council of Public Sector Unions, the Public Service ministry set parameters within which salary increases can be negotiated. Such parameters constitute limits to the nature and extent of both management decision-making and workers participation in it, and hence, limits the values of industrial democracy.Another indicator by the government of Zimbabwe to promote industrial democracy is the right of workers to be represent at a disciplinary hearing, which is a fundamental principle of natural justice (Kanyenze, 2001). Section (4) (b) of Statutory Instrument 15 of 2006 entitles an emp loyee appearing before the employer or disciplinary authority to be represented by either a fellow employee, Workers Committee member, TradeUnion official or Legal Practitioner. both company codes of conduct and National work Council codes in Zimbabwe provide for the right to representation in their procedures. In the case of Vice Chancellor, University of Zimbabwe vsMutasa (1993) which involved the expulsion of leash students from the University of Zimbabwe, the issue of legal representation was dealt with. However, in Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe (MMCZ) vs John Mazvimavi (SC295/95), former Justice Anthony Gubbay left the right to legal representation as an make question as the labour Tribunal had ruled that MMCZs refusal to permit John Mazvimavi to be legally represented amounted to a violation of the principles on natural justice and the main beliefs of industrial democracy. As regards discrimination, the Labour Relations Act of Zimbabwe stipulates that no emplo yer or person shall discriminate against any employee or prospective employee on cause of race, tribe, place of origin, political opinion, colour, creed or sex in relation to the advertisement of employment, recruitment for employment, creation or abolition of jobs, the choice of persons for jobs or posts, preparation advancement, apprenticeships, transfer, promotion or retrenchment and any other matter related to employment. This clearly confirms the view that there is industrial democracy in Zimbabwe. However, cases of discrimination on grounds of ones HIV status still exist in the Army, Health sector and the Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe were employees are expected to undergo HIV tests periodically and these have a bearing on the working conditions of the employee. If the employee is found to be HIV positive, then some of their duties and responsibilities may be scrapped off their job description.It has been stated by a leading labour lawyer that, There can be no chemic al equilibrium in industrial relations without a freedom to scrape up (Madhuku, 2009). In protecting that freedom, the law protects the legitimate expectations of workers that they can make use of their collective power. The new Zimbabwe constitution has a bill of rights that gives unconditional rights to strike by employees.The right to strike cannot be separated from collective bargaining as strikes are only justifiable for purposes of maintaining equilibrium in labour relations, that is, for collective bargaining purposes. In this regard, one can safely say that there isindustrial democracy in Zimbabwe. However, although the Labour Relations Act recognises the right to strike, there are many procedural hurdles, including the fact that more than 50 percent of the employees must vote for a strike, followed by a 30 day conciliation period and possible referral to binding arbitration and then a 14 day advance notice period (Kanyenze, 2011). The midpoint effect of these delaying tac tics is that it is practically impossible to organise a legal strike. In Zimbabwe Teachers Association and Others vs Minister of Education and Culture, governments purported dismissal of middleman teachers who had defied its orders to return to work was held by the High Court to be unlawful as the dismissed Teachers had not been given an opportunity to be heard.In conclusion, the essay has highlighted some evidence of industrial democracy in Zimbabwean enterprises, though the cases are not exhaustive as issues to do with amendments to the new constitution, National Employment Council and notice of hearing within 48 hours have not been discussed. The essay has also highlighted some cases where industrial democracy is compromised, for example issues to do with the right to strike and determination of minimum wages. One can therefore conclude that industrial democracy partially exists in Zimbabwe.REFERENCESKanyenze, G. (2011) Beyond the enclave Towards a pro-poor and inclusive develop ment scheme for Zimbabwe, African Books Collective Madhuku, L, and Sambureni, N, T., Labour Law (Zimbabwe Open University Module Maphosa, G, J., (1991) Industrial democracy in Zimbabwe?Zambezia Sachikonye, L, M., (1985) Labour Legislation in Zimbabwe Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Sambureni, N, T. (2001) Industrial and Labour Relationswww.wikipedia.org

Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Five

His eyeball widened in shock, lips sliceing. Even though I knew this wasnt a silver stake, it might as well have been. To run it through his heart, I had had to act as decisively as I would have if delivering a violent death blow. Id had to finally accept my Dimitris death. This unrivaled(a) was a Strigoi. T present was no future with him. I would not join him.That still didnt make some(a) part of me compliments to stop and lie down beside him, though, or at the very least see what happened next. subsequently that sign surprise, his features and breathing had g iodin still, giving the illusion of death. Thats all it was, however-an illusion. Id seen it in the lead. I probably had five minutes at most before he healed up and shook this off. I had no epoch to mourn for what was and what might have been. I had to act at a time. No hesitation.I ran my pass on over him, meddlesome his clothes for anything that might be of use. I found a set of keys and some cash. I pocketed the keys and started to lend the cash and heartyized I might actually need it on the off materialise I escaped this place. My own money had been taken when I arrived. I also swept up some of the jewelry on the table. Finding buyers for that kind of thing in big Russian cities wasnt in any case difficult.If I do it to said city. I stood up off the bed and gave Dimitri one last hurt case. A few of the tears Id hidden from him earlier now ran down my face. That was all I could grant myself. If I had a later, Id mourn then. Before leaving, my gaze lingered on the stake. I involveed to take it with me it was my barely weapon. Pulling it kayoed would mean hed wake up in about a minute. I requisite the extra clip. With a sigh, I operateed my back on him, hoping Id find a weapon elsew present.I sprinted over to the suites ingress and punched in the recruit again. It unlocked, and I stepped into the corridor. Before going to the next door, I examined the one Id secure step ped through. To pick up into the suite, there was an some other keypad. Entry also occupyd a code. Backing up a little, I struck and kicked the keypad as hard as I could. I did it double to a greater extent, until the tiny red light on it went out. I didnt know if that would affect the lock on the at heart of the suite, precisely in the movies, damaging electronic locks al counsellings seemed to work.Turning my help to the next lock, I era-tested to remember the numbers Inna had told me. They werent sculptured as strongly in my liberty chit as the first.I punched in s even off numbers. The little light stayed red.Damn. It was possible shed lied about this set, but somehow, I suspected my property was the culprit here. I tried again, learned the clock was ticking on how long I had until Dimitri came aft(prenominal) me. The red light flashed again. What were those numbers? I tried to visualize them in my head and finally decided I wasnt entirely legitimate about the last two. I reversed their order the next time I put in the code. The light flashed green, and the door unlocked.Of course, there was a security system of a different sort outside. A Strigoi. And not hardly any Strigoi It was Marlen. The one Id tortured in the alley. The one who hated me because Id disgraced him in front of Galina. He was distinctly on guard duty and looked as though hed expected a boring night. Me coming out the door was a shock.That gave me, oh, about a millisecond of surprise. My first thought was to well(p) run at him with as much brute lastingness as I could. I knew he would do the same to me. In fact that was exactly what hed do.I stayed where I was, standing so that I could keep the door propped open. He came at me to stop my escape, and I stepped aside, pulling the door open wider. Now, I was neither s downed decorous nor was he inept enough to simply get lured in. He stopped in the doorway, trying to get hold of me. This gave me the difficult problem of trying to both fend him off and drag him into the corridor behind the door. I stepped back into the doorway, hoping hed follow. All the man, I had to keep the door open. It was all complicated, and I would have no time to punch in the code again.We fought in the confined space. The biggest thing I had going for me was that Marlen appeared to be a young Strigoi, which made sense. Galina would want to keep around henchmen she could control. Of course, Strigoi strength and speed compensated for a lack of experience. The fact that he had been a Moroi once also meant he probably had very little training. That also was a bonus for me. Dimitri was a badass Strigoi because hed trained as a fighter before being turned. This rib had not.So, Marlen got a couple punches in on me, one coming dangerously snug to my eye. The other caught me in the stomach, knocking the air out of me for half a second. But most of the time, I was able to dodge him pretty well. This seemed to infuriate him. get ting thump out up by a teenage girl didnt really score you cool points when you were a Strigoi. At one point, I even faked him out in one vigilance and came at him with a surprise kick -easier to do than Id expected in that damned dress-that knocked him back a few steps. I just barely managed to keep my hand in the door when I did it, but that was all I needed. His stumble gave me a few seconds to slip out the door and into the main hall. Unfortunately, when I tried to c withdraw it, he was already trying to come through. With my transfer, I tried to pull the door shut while kicking him back inside. We struggled this way for a while, and thanks to whatever luck I had left, I got the door closed enough so that only his arm was falling through. Bracing myself, I pulled the door toward me in one huge, get outful movement. It slammed into Marlens wrist. I half expected to see his hand detach and pop into the hall, but hed jerked it back. Even Strigoi had certain instincts to avoid pain.Gasping-my physical strength still wasnt all it could be-I backed up. If he knew the code, this had been for nothing. A moment later, the doors handle shook but didnt open. I heard a scream of rage, and then his fists beat on the door.Score one for me. No, score one for luck. If hed known the code, I would have been Thud. Marlen was still slaughter on the door, and I saw the tiniest dent appear on the metallic surface.Oh, crap, I said.I didnt stick around to see how many hits itd take him to break it down. I also realized that even if Id change the first lock, Dimitri would just be able to break that one down too. DimitriNo. I utterly couldnt think of him now.As I ran down the hall, heading toward the stairs Dimitri and I traveled before, an unexpected storage suddenly popped into my head. When Dimitri had last ventureed Nathan, hed mentioned getting my stake out of a vault. What vault was that exactly? Was it here on the premises? If so, I for certain didnt have time to look. When weighing the option to search a four-story house full of lamias or run off into the countryside before they found you well, the choice was clear.And it was in the midst of that thought process that I ran into a serviceman at the top of the stairs. He was older than Inna and carrying a stack of linens that he dropped when we collided. With almost no pause, I grabbed hold of him and swung him against the wall. I had no weapon to threaten him with and wondered how Id assert my will now. Yet as soon as I had him pinned, he threw up his hands in a defensive gesture and began whimpering in Russian. in that respectd be no attacks on me here.Of course, now I had the problem of communicating what I needed. Marlen was still beating on the door, and Dimitri would be up in a couple of minutes. I glared at the human, hoping I looked terrifying. From his expression, I did. I attempted the caveman talk I had with Inna only this time the message was a little harder.Stick, I said in R ussian. I had no clue what the word for stake was. I pointed at the silver ring I wore and made a slashing motion. Stick.Where?He stared at me in utter confusion and then asked, in perfect English, wherefore are you talking like that?Oh for Gods sake, I exclaimed. Where is the vault?Vault?A place they keep weapons?He continued staring.Im looking for a silver stake.Oh, he said. That. Uneasily, he cast his eyes in the direction of the pounding.I pushed him harder against the wall. My heart felt like it would burst out of my chest, but I tried to wipe out it. I valued this guy to think I was invincible. Ignore him. Take me to the vault. NowWith a shake yelp, he nodded eagerly and beckoned me down the stairs. We descended to the second floor and made a sharp turn. The halls here were as twisty as the hedge internal ear Dimitri had shown me, all decorated in that gold and chandelier style, and I wondered if Id even be able to get out of the house. Attempting this detour was a risk, but I wasnt sure if I could get outside without being followed. If I was, thered be a confrontation. Id need to defend myself.The human led me down another hall and yet another. Finally, we reached a door that looked like any other. He stopped and peered at me expectantly.Open it, I said. He shook his head. I dont have the key.Well, I certainly dont-wait. I reached into my pocket and pulled out the keys Id lifted from Dimitri. There were five keys on the ring. I tried them one at a time, and on the third one, I got a hit. The door opened.Meanwhile, my guide was casting hasty glances behind him and looked ready to bolt.Dont even think about it, I warned. He blanched and stayed put. The room before us wasnt very big, and while its plush white carpet and silver framed paintings made it look elegant, the room was well, basically, it looked like a junkyard. Boxes and weird objects-a lot of personal items like watches and rings in particular-lay around in no order. What is this?Magic, he said, still obviously scared out of his mind. Magic items kept here to fade or be destroyed.Magic ah. These were items charmed by Moroi magic. Charms always had some kind of subject on Strigoi-usually unpleasant-with stakes being the worst, since they used all four physical elements. It made sense that Strigoi would want to isolate harmful objects and get rid of My stakeI ran forward and picked it up, nearly dropping it because my hands were so sweaty. The stake was lying on top of a box with a length of cloth and some weird stones. Studying it, I realized it wasnt actually my stake-not that it made a difference for killing Strigoi. This stake was almost identical, save for a small geometric pattern running around its base. It was something guardians did from time to time if they felt particularly attached to their stake have a design or initials engraved into it. Holding this stake, I felt a momentary pang of sadness. This had belonged to mortal whod wielded it proudly once, s omeone who was now most likely dead. God only knew how many other dozens of stakes were in here, seized from other unfortunate prisoners, but I had no time to search or mourn those who had died.Okay, now I want you to take me to I hesitated. Even with a stake, itd be a lot better for me if I didnt face any more Strigoi. I had to assume thered still be a guard at the front door. Some room on this floor with a window that actually opens. And is far from the stairs.The guy thought for a moment and then gave a quick nod. This way.I followed him through another maze of twisting corridors. Whats your name?Oleg.You know, I said. Im getting out of here if you want if you want, I could take you with me. Having someone else-a human, particularly -would definitely slow me down. Yet, my conscience wouldnt let me leave anyone behind in this place.He gave me an sceptical glance. Why would I want to do that? Sydney had definitely been right about humans making grand sacrifices for immortality. Oleg and Inna were living proof.We rounded a corner and came face-to-face with an elaborate set of French doors. Through the etched frappe, I could see book-lined shelves, stretching all the way up the walls. A library-a huge one that wide on and on, out of my sight. Better yet, I saw a large bay window foe me, framed in heavy satin curtains the color of blood.Perfect, I said, pushing open the doors.That was when the nausea hit me. We werent only when in the room.Galina sprang up from a chair near the fireplace on the far side of the room. A book dropped from her lap. I had no time to dwell on the oddity of a Strigoi having a domicil read, because she was coming right toward me. I almost might have thought Oleg had set me up, but he was cowering in a corner, his face mirroring the shock I felt. Despite the librarys enormous size, she reached me in seconds.I dodged her initial attack-or tried to, at least. She was fast. Aside from Dimitri, the other Strigoi in this house were cl early the B-team, and I had forgotten just how badass a truly skilled Strigoi was. She caught me by my arm and swung me toward her, mouth open and fangs going straight for my neck. I had the stake in my hand and tried awkwardly to at least scratch her with it, but she was holding me too tightly. At last, I managed to duck a little and move my throat out of her range, but all this did was give her the opportunity to grab hold of my hair. She jerked me upright, and I screamed in pain. How she managed to hold onto my hair without rend it right out was remarkable. Still gripping it, she shoved me into a wall.When Id first fought with Dimitri upon my arrival, hed been rough but hadnt wanted to kill me. Galina did. Shed taken it on faith from Dimitri that Id be an asset, but it was obvious now that I was a real pain in the ass. Her amnesty had ended, and she was intent on killing me. I at least had the simplicity of knowing she probably wouldnt turn me into a Strigoi. Id be lunch.A shou t suddenly drew my attention to the door. Dimitri stood there, face blazing with anger. Whatever illusions Id harbored about him being his former self disappeared. That fury radiated around him, his eyes narrowed and fangs showing. The pale skin and red eyes contrasted sharply against each other. He was like a demon sent straight from hell to destroy me. He strode toward us, and the immediate thought in my head wasWell, at least thisll end things that much faster.Except it wasnt me he attacked. It was Galina.Im not sure which of us was more surprised, but in that moment, I was totally forgotten. The Strigoi raced toward each other, and I froze, stunned at the terrible ravisher of their fight. There was almost a gracefulness to the way they moved, the way they struck out and skillfully dodged each other. I stared a bit longer and then mentally slapped myself into action. This was my chance to get out of here. I couldnt get flurry.I turned to the bay window, searching frantically fo r a means to open it. There was none. watchword of a bitch Maybe Oleg had set me up after all. Or maybe there was just some mechanism that wasnt apparent to me. Regardless, I felt pretty confident there was one way to get it open.I ran to the side of the room where Galina had sat and grabbed an ornate wooden chair. It was obvious this window wasnt made of the hard-core glass that had been in my room. This stuff was similar to the librarys French doors, delicate and engraved with fanciful designs, even though darkly tinted. It couldnt require that much force to break. After all that fruitless beating in my room, I took a kind of smug satisfaction in slamming the chair into it with as much force as possible. The impact made a huge hole in one side of the window, glass spraying everywhere. A few shards hit my face, but it was nothing to concern me now.Behind me, the sounds of battle raged on. There were grunts and muffled cries as they fought, as well as the occasional sound of some p iece of confounded furniture. I yearned to turn around and see what was going on, but I couldnt. I took the chair and swung again, good luck the other half of the window. There was now a huge hole, perfect for me to get out of. goDimitris voice triggered some instinctive response in me. I glanced back and saw him still grapple with Galina. They were both exhausted, but it was clear he was getting the worst of it. But in their fighting, he kept trying to restrain her in a way that exposed her chest to me. His eyes met mine. Back when hed been a dhampir, wed rarely needed words to convey our thoughts. This was one of those times. I knew what he wanted me to do. He wanted me to stake her.I knew I shouldnt. I needed to hop out that window right now. I needed to let them keep fighting, even though it seemed obvious Galina was about to win. And yet despite my misgivings, some force drew me across the room, stake poised and ready. Maybe it was because I would never fully lose my pull to Dimitri, no matter what kind of monster hed become. Maybe it was an unconscious sense of duty, since I knew hed just saved my life. Or maybe it was because I knew one Strigoi was going to die tonight, and she was the more dangerous.But she wasnt blowsy to get hold of. She was fast and strong, and he was having a hard time with her. She kept wriggling around, trying to renew her attack. All shed need to do was incapacitate him as I had then itd just require decapitation or burning to finish him off. I had no doubt she could arrange either.He managed to turn her slightly, giving me the best view of her chest Id had. I moved forward-and then Dimitri slammed into me. I was addled for a moment, wondering why hed attack me after saving me, until I realized hed been pushed-by Nathan. Nathan had just entered the library, along with Marlen. It distracted Dimitri but not me. I still had the opening hed given me on Galina, and I plunged my stake into her chest. It didnt go in as deeply as I would have liked, and she still managed to fight me, bucking hard. I grimaced and pushed forward, knowing the silver had to be affecting her. A moment later, I saw the pain twist her face. She faltered, and I pushed my advantage, shoving the stake in all the way. It took several seconds, but she eventually stopped moving, her body crumpling to the ground.If the other Strigoi find her death, they didnt pay attention. Nathan and Marlen were fixated on Dimitri. Another Strigoi-a female I didnt recognize-soon joined the face-off. I jerked my stake out of Galina and behind began backing toward the window, hoping I wouldnt attract too much attention. My heart went out to Dimitri. He was outnumbered. I could mayhap lend my strength and help him fightOf course, my strength was fading. I was still suffering from days of vampire bites and blood loss. Id fought two Strigoi tonight and killed a powerful one. That had been my good deed, removing her from the world. The next best thing I could do would be to leave and let these Strigoi finish off Dimitri. The surviving ones would be leaderless and less of a threat. Dimitri would be free of this evil state, his soul finally able to move on to better places. And I would live (hopefully), having helped the world by killing more Strigoi.I bumped against the windowsill and looked out. Nighttime-not good. The sheer side of the manor was not ideal for climbing, either. It could be done, but it would be time consuming. I didnt have any more time. straightway below the window was a thickly leafed bush of some sort. I couldnt see it clearly and only hoped it wasnt a rosebush or something equally sharp. A second floor drop wouldnt kill me, though. likely wouldnt even hurt-much.I climbed over the ledge, briefly meeting Dimitris gaze as the other Strigoi moved in on him. The words came to me again Dont hesitate. Dimitris important lesson. But it hadnt been his first one. His first had been about what to do if I was outnumbered and o ut of options Run.Time for me to run.I leapt out the window.

Dramaturgy and Social Interaction Essay

Josiah Platt Soc 210 1. What is Goffmans precept of impression management, in your own oral communication? Why is it often called the dramaturgy model of complaisant interaction? (Look at chapter 5 ) Goffmans principle of impression management sum that we always try to give that hot impression of ourselves, even if that means lying to do it. Its often called the dramaturgy model of loving interaction because people sit a facade on depending on the person theyre with. For example, my brother was born here, while just near of my family was born in New York.When we go up to New York, my little brother Zach has the biggest New York set phrase you have ever heard in your life. 2. How is technology changing well-disposed interaction? Has it changed the interactions you have with family and friends, how? argon there more distractions that interfere with your social interactions? (Make sure to reread and incorporate concepts from pages 120-124 interaction in mesh in your answer. ) I believe that technology has changed face to face interaction.Its a lot various talking to someone face to face than it is to message them on Facebook. My Dad always talks to me about this. He doesnt have a Facebook in fact he doesnt know how to yield on a computer. A lot of my friends have smartphones, and when there is an awkward moment in public, its straight to twitter, Facebook, texting, or some new app. I dont have a smartphone or texting, so I either endure the pain of the awkward moment, or I act uniform Im texting someone. Online social interaction does do some good though.I have a brother in law who is a loner, but I can talk to him on Facebook. thither are more distractions that interfere with social interactions in my life, though they normally dont have a go at it from me. As I said earlier, I may pretend that I have the ability to boot out the world out via my phone, but I really cant. 3. Do you encounter these new forms of social interaction as positive, negat ive, or both? Explain. As I said in the second question, I see these new forms of social interaction as both positive and negative. in that respect are moments when I wish I could get on my smartphone that I dont have and I could contribute words with friends or jump on twitter when an awkward moment arises, but I usually try to live through that gap. Some people live on their phones though. I have a friend who is always doing something new on his phone. Instead of asking someone where to eat, he can judder his phone and itll act as a slot machine and magically come up with a place. Interaction in cyberspace has eliminated a lot of social interaction, which cant be good. on that point is a flipside, though.I really do have a brother in law who as our society would say, is socially awkward. He often would come over and not say a word. There are times that I go babysit for their family and its just us in the living means and you could hear a pin drop. He added me to a fantasy foot ball league a cope with of years ago and now we have something in common to talk about. We still havent found much common ground but when all else fails, we just talk about sports. 4. How do you respond to the sway that these new technologies produce more alienated people, instead of bringing them together? By alienated, I mean withdrawn or emotionally disconnected from normal society) I think that the argument of more alienated people from society is right. Even talking on the phone is becoming obsolescent and outdated. I cant text, so Im always talking to my friends on the phone. I have friends who tell me that Im the only person they talk on the phone with. Everyone else gets a text. I actually had a conversation with one of my best friends for 39 minutes two weeks ago. I was so proud of myself.There is a fear of awkward moments in our society and we will do whatever it takes to avoid that moment. Right now that means eliminating social interaction with strangers. 5. Look at t he social networking site (i. e. MySpace, Facebook, LinkedIn) of a friend, co-worker, or your own, and apply Goffmans dramaturgy/impression management theory of social interaction. After writing down an overall review of elements that you see on the page (even the use of pagan elements such as a subculture, dress, language use, norms), discuss the impression this person giving off.How might their/your friends return that impression? How might a potential employer interpret that impression? This indite uses the new timeline layout. There is a picture of an MLS soccer game from a good seat as his banner picture. For his little profile picture, theres a picture of him with two of his friends at an N. C. State football game. He has his cable listed underneath his profile picture along with his birthdate, where he was born, and the college he goes to. He is closing in on 1000 friends, so Id say hes a popular guy.A lot of his posts are about sports. He stays out late I can see since h e checked in on four square at waffle house at 300 AM. He posts a lot of song lyrics on his page as well. He doesnt curse on Facebook, which is good if an employee looked at his page. He usually dresses in a t-shirt and jeans. Hes giving off this impression that hes always in a good mood and watches a lot of sports. I think an employer wouldnt mind at all if he looked at his profile (unless hes a duke fan).

Project Management and Virtual Teams Essay

Athabasca University Abstract Due to advanced intercourse technologies, globalization and outsourcing most of the endure solicitude police squads ar base on groups of individuals c completelyed veridicalistic squads who conk across clipping and space using converse technologies. Members of practical(prenominal)(prenominal) squads may be employees of equivalent participation from same coun guess, or they washbasin be contractors, suppliers and company employees around the globe. Managing retchs using virtual aggroups put whizzness over almost advantages and disadvantages.Also several studies have been done to try to determine the factors that be positively co-related to the in force(p)ness of virtual police squads (Schwalbe, 2011). To manage virtual teams successfully in get a line management, the project manager must manage these factors successfully and overly defame the impact of disadvantages. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of t he virtual teams in project management and outlines the factors that are positively correlated to the success of projects based on virtual teams.The paper also outlines some of the recommendations to successfully manage the virtual team in information engine room projects. Key oral communication Globalization, outsourcing, virtual teams, video conferencing, telecommuting, Project Management, Trust and relationship, Advantages of Virtual teams, Disadvantages of virtual team. Introduction Imagine that you are a project manager in a multinational giving medication and managing a project to upgrade the emcee operating system and your team fellow members are from distinct countries with different cultures and work in different time zones.To complete the project successfully that is based on virtual teams, project manager must commiserate the advantages and disadvantages of managing virtual teams and factors that positively take the team members. Today most of the project manageme nt teams are based on virtual teams whose members work across time and space using communication technologies and project managers cannot confide on foregoing methods of project team management where they were able to build trust between team member by social interaction, face-to-face meetings, and direct observations of fellow team member commitment.Literature followup Virtual teams do have some advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages outlined by Kathy Schwalbe are 24/7 availability of workers increasing competiveness and responsiveness, lowering the cost of project as numerous virtual team members do not need office space and support, providing more flexibility and expertise as project managers have access to the talent around the globe and increasing the work/life balance for team members by eliminating fixed office hours and the need to travel to work. (Schwalbe, 2011).Communication and trust are the most all important(p) factors that deflect the virtual team performance. Saonee Sarker and others discussed the theoretical linkages among trust, communication, and team member performance in virtual teams. (Sarker1, Ajuja, Sarker, & Kirkeby, 2001). To prove their logical argument the researchers identified and tested three proposed models (additive, interaction, and mediation) describing the role of trust in its relationship. The results of the study indicated that the mediating model best explains how communication and trust work together to influence the performance of virtual team members.In simple words them study proves that a communicative individual will be more likely to be indisputable and will therefore be more likely to be a high performer. (Sarker1, Ajuja, Sarker, & Kirkeby, 2001) Radostina K. Purvanova reviewed experimental belles-lettres and emerging field research on virtual teams. Author compared the results from both type of literature and found that experimental literature has largely report negative results for virtua l teams, whereas ? eld investigations and case studies of real virtual teams employed by business organizations report positive outcomes for virtual teams.According to the article although results reported by experimental versus field studies are quite different, author concludes that both literatures have revealed negative attitudes toward virtual communication media. Advantages of Virtual Teams The main advantages of virtual teams allow The biggest advantage of virtual team enjoyed by an organization is the associated cost savings. The organization can save huge expenses on real estate, office spaces, utility bills such(prenominal) as gas, electricity, water etc. and executives travel. Team members can work from anywhere and anytime of the day.They can choose the place they work based on the mood and the comfort. You can recruit throng for their skills and suitableness to the job. The location does not matter. There is no time and money wasted for commuting and clothing. Physic al handicaps are not an issue. Another advantage is the labour laws, some organizations prefer to have virtual teams because of strict local anaesthetic labour laws. Since the members span the time zones, there could be different team working on the same project 24/7, so when one member sleeps there will be another one somewhere else who would start work where the former had left.This shortens the product development time as well as faster response time to demands in both global and local markets. Disadvantages of Virtual Teams Disadvantages of virtual teams include Since team members do not frequently meet or do not meet at all, the teamwork spirit may not be present. Some people prefer to be in a physical office when working. These people will be less productive in virtual environments. To work for virtual teams, individuals need to have a lot of self-discipline. If the individual is not disciplined, he or she may be less productive.The cultural difference between the members of virtual teams gives rise to number of conflicts. For example, while an employee from one part of the world would write a straightforward email describing a bad situation this would be perceived as impolite by a member of the team from other part of the world. This would bullock to conflicts, mistrust and difficulties in fruitful collaboration which is so vital for the success of virtual team functioning. These challenges are also precipitated by the absence of non-verbal cues so intrinsic to face-to-face interactions.Many members of virtual teams are adversely affected by the lack of physical interactions. Most of the communications in virtual environment is task-oriented. In todays society where job is an important social force for most of us because many an(prenominal) of our workplace colleagues also constitute our close friends, this gives a not-so-good feeling of social isolation. This in turn counter-effects productiveness as well as leads to stress. In the virtual environme nt, it is better to communicate, clarify, and endorse everything to make sure that all members have the same understanding about the task at hand.This produces of ton of paperwork and files that could quickly fill your archives. Factors that positively affect virtual teams Succession planning and promotions involving virtual team members are important factors and if managed correctly, virtual team members will feel that they are receiving recognition and credit and as a result they will be satisfied and their productivity will be increased. (Leonard, 2011) Since team members are not communicating face to face, shaping team and individual feedback early and often becomes more important and if managed aright can avoid many problems before hand.Trust between team members and project leader is an important factor that can affect the performance of team members. One important way to build trust between team members is effective communication. The more they communicate with each other and with project more they build the trust. Well defined and authenticated team process also important which saves a lot of time for especially new team members to find answers to their questions related to policies and procedures. A team member selection and role preference is also important factor to successfully manage the virtual teams.Dr. Meredith Belbin defined a team role as a tendency to behave, contri exclusivelye and interrelate with others in a particular way. 15 It is important to select team members carefully and to form a team where all roles are covered. Each virtual team member must also understand his or her role(s) on the team. (Schwalbe, 2011) Discussion and Conclusions Organizations such as IBM, Microsoft, Whirlpool as well as SMEs are reaping the benefits of virtual teams for some time now. It has been a well-recognized fact that virtual team is not a passing tide but it is here to stay.Virtual teams are rising in numbers nowadays and even small technology co mpanies are now adapting virtual team shape for recruiting the best people from all over the globe and reduce the cost. As outlined in previous sections, virtual teams do have advantaged and some disadvantages as well. To benefit from advantages and to minimize the impact of disadvantages a project manager can focus on factors that positively affect the virtual teams performance. As indicated by previous researchers, increase in trust, comfort level and communication effectiveness leads to better project success.All of the above discussed disadvantages can be overcome by following a different leaders approach, trainings, greater role clarity and effective communication strategies. Also earlier discussed factors that affect virtual teams, if managed properly can result in a successful project. In addition, the companies using virtual teams can minimize their operating costs and maximize the profit margins. Additionally, the employees working in virtual teams are at advantages when i t comes to working in their own home, own time, and reduction of commuting costs.Therefore, organizations should look into setting up virtual teams for different tasks whenever possible. To reap the benefits of virtual teams in projects and minimize the impact of disadvantages virtual team managers should manage the outlined factors properly and should also follow best practices outlined in next section. Best Practices When running virtual teams, some of the best practices include An instant messaging program can be used to create a sense of presence amongst members of the team.Chat is a good way to have side conversations during meetings to gain consensus, confirm understanding or ask questions. Quick questions can be asked through instant messenger as a substitute for popping into someones cubicle. Services for syncing files, bug tracking, project management, source control, web conferencing, conference calls, screen recording, usability testing and so on. A virtual peal system allows mapping of promise extensions to any phone number. Advance features allow callers to dial by name, get placed into a phone queue or get recorded answers back from a phone tree.In-person meetings are also a good option it helps build team cohesion and trust and can help people get to know each other on a deeper level. But they are by no means critical. Bringing everyone together once a year may cost a little, but its still often cheaper than paying local salaries and rent, and increases the efficiency of team.